3 8 K A R L M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y
56. Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1 638.
57. Eleanor Marx, 'Remarks on a letter by the Young Marx', Reminiscences,
p.256.
58.Marx to A. Ruge, in K. Marx, Early Texts, ed. D. McLellan (Oxford, 1971)
p.59 (hereinafter referred to as Early Texts).
59.Marx to Jenny Longuet, MEW xxxv 241 f.
60.E Engels, 'Marx und die Neue Rheinische Zeitung'.
61. L. Feuerbach in seinen Briefwechsel und Nachlass, ed. K. Griin (Leipzig, 1876)
1183.
62.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 2.
63.Ibid.
64.Sophie Marx to Karl Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 211.
65.Laura Lafargue to Franz Mehring, in F. Mehring, A us dem literarischen Nachlass von K. Marx, F. Engels, F. Lassalle (Stuttgart, 1902) 1 25.
66.F. Mehring, op. cit., 1 26.
67.Ibid.
68.Early Texts, pp. 2 f.
69.Heinrich Marx to Karl Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 204.
70.MEGA 1 i (2) 50.
71. See M. Rubel, 'Les Cahiers d'etudes de Karl Marx (1840-1853)', International Review of Social History (1957).
72.There is a translation in The Unknown Marx, ed. R. Payne (London, 1972).
73.MEGA 1 i (2) 41.
74.Ibid 42.
75.Ibid.
76.This is the interpretation of, for example, W. Johnston, 'Marx's verses of 1836-7', Journal of the History of Ideas (April 1967) p. 261; also of E. Kamenka,
The Ethical Foundations of Marxism (London, 1962) p. 20, and of S. Avineri,
The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge, 1968) p. 8.
77.For a lengthier discussion of Marx's poems than, perhaps, they merit, see A. Cornu, Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels (Paris, 1955) pp. 74 ff.; R. Payne, Marx (London, 1968) pp. 59 ff.; P. Demetz, Marx, Engels and the Poets (Chicago, 1967) pp. 47 ff. These essentially immature literary efforts should not be taken as evidence of Marx's capacities in this field; on the contrary remarks scattered throughout his later writings show that he had the ability to be a first-class literary critic.
78.Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1 624.
79.Ibid., 632.
80.Jenny von Westphalen to Marx, quoted in L. Dornemann, Jenny Marx (Berlin, 1969) p. 41.
81.Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 198.
Hi. Early Texts, p. 3.
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41 |
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83.E. Gans, Ruckblicke aufPersonen und ZustUnde (Berlin, 1836) pp. 99 ff. Further on Gans, see H. Reissner, Eduard Gans. Ein Leben im Vormarz (Tubingen, 1965).
84.Cf. the very thorough article, H. Jaegar, 'Savigny et Marx', Archives de la Philosophic du Droit (1967).
85.Marx to Heinrich Marx, Early Texts, p. 3.
86.Ibid.
87.Ibid., p. 6.
88.Ibid.
89.Ibid.
90. Quoted in H. Monz, Karl Marx und Trier, pp. 133 f. 91 - Op. cit., p. 7.
92.Marx to Heinrich Marx, Early Texts, p. 7.
93.F. Engels, 'Socialism, Utopian and Scientific', in MESW 11 162.
94.It is obviously impossible to give an adequate account of the ideas of so complex a thinker in so short a space. Two good books in English dealing with Hegel's philosophy in general are J. N. Findlay, Hegel: A Re-examination (London, 1958), and W. Kaufmann, Hegel (New York, 1965). See also H. Marcuse, Reason and Revolution (New York, t94i) and the more analytic approach in J. Plamenatz, Man and Society (London, 1963) 11 09 ff.
95.Marx to Heinrich Marx, Early Texts, p. 7.
96.Op. cit., p. 8.
97.Ibid.
98.For Hegel's views on religion, see K. Barth, From Rousseau to Ritschl (London, 1959) pp. 268 ff.; P. Asveld, La Pense'e religieuse dujeune Hegel (Paris, 1953); A. Chappelle, Hegel et la Religion, 2 vols. (Paris, 1964); K. Lowith, 'Hegel and the Christian Religion', in Nature, History and Existentialism (Evanston, 111., 1966) pp. 162 ff.
99.M. Ring, Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1898) 1 113 f.
100.On Koppen, see H. Hirsch, Denker und Kampfer (Frankfurt, 1955).
ior. On Bauer, see D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (London, 1969) pp. 48 ff. Also E. Barnikol, Bruno Bauer: Studien und Materialen (Assen, 1972).
102.Varnhagen von Ense, Tagebiicher (Leipzig, t86i) 1 341.
103.E. Bauer and F. Engels, 'The Triumph of the Faith', MEW, Ergsbd. 11 3or.
104.K. Koppen to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 257.
105.Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 637 ff.
106. Eleanor Marx, 'Remarks on a Letter by the Young Marx', Reminiscences,
p. 257.
107.See her long letter of complaint in MEGA 1 i (2) 242 ff.
108.B. Bauer to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 250.
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109.K. Marx, 'Doctoral Dissertation', in N. Livergood, Activity in Marx's Philosophy (The Hague, 1967) p. 64.
no . Ibid. H I . Ibid.
112. B. Bauer to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 236. 113. Ibid., 241.
114. K. Marx, 'Doctoral Dissertation', in Early Texts, p. 19. 115. Ibid., p. 20.
116. Ibid.
117. Ibid.
118. MEGA 1 |
i (1) 10; the quotation |
is from |
Hume's Treatise of Human Nature, |
ed. L. Selby-Biggs (Oxford, 1888) p. 250. |
|
||
119. K Marx, |
'Doctoral Dissertation', |
in Early |
Texts, p. 13. |
120.See in particular on this, C. Cesa, 'Bruno Bauer e la filosofia dell' autoscienza (1841-1843)', Giornale Critico della Filosofia Italiana, 1 (i960); D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, pp. 48 ff.
121. Marx's preference seems to have depended simply on his contrasting their moral philosophies; as a philosopher and a natural scientist, Democritus is by far the more profound and original thinker.
122. See further B. Farrington, The Faith of Epicurus (London, 1967) pp. 7 f.
123.MEGA 1 v 122.
124.This appendix does not survive, but can be reconstructed from the preliminary notes: see MEGA 1 i 31; D. Baumgarten, 'Uber den "verloren geglaubten" Anhang zu Karl Marx' Doktordissertation', in Gegemvartsprobleme der Soziologie, ed. Eisermann (Postdam, 1949).
125.C. Bailey, 'Karl Marx and Greek Atomism', The Classical Quarterly (1928).
126.Marx to Heinrich Marx, Early Texts, p. 9.
127.B. Bauer to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 244.
128.B. Bauer to Marx, in Karl Marx, Dokumente seines Lebens, p. 100.
129.Ibid.
130.K. Kautsky, quoted in Karl Marx, Dokumente seines Lebens, p. 97.
131. K. Marx, 'Doctoral Dissertation', in N. Livergood, op. cit., p. 61.
132.Frederick William IV to Bunsen, in Chr. von Bunsen, A us seinen Briefen (Leipzig, 1869) 11 133.
133.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 18.
134.Ibid., p. 19.
135.Both these ideas were derived from a small book with the mysterious title Prolegomena to Historiosophy published by a Polish Count, August von Cieszkowski in 1838. On the book and its influence on the young Hegelians, see further D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, pp. 9 f.
136. Cf. MEGA 1 i (2) 152.
1 (7. A. Ruge, Briefwechsel und Tageblatter, ed. P. Nerrlich (Berlin, 1886) 1 239.
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55 |
138.MEGA 1 i (2) 261 f.
139.On Ruge, see further W. Neher, Arnold Ruge as Politiker und Politischer Schriftsteller (Heidelberg, 1933).
140.See further D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, pp. n ff.
141. K. Marx, 'Comments on the latest Prussian Censorship Instruction', Early Texts, pp. 29 f.
142.K. Marx, op. cit., Writings of the Young Marx, p. 80.
143.Marx to Ruge, MEW xxvn 401.
144.Jenny von Westphalen to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1641.
145.Marx to Ruge, MEW xxvii 402.
146.Briefwechsel zwischen Bruno und Edgar Bauer (Charlottenburg, 1844) p. 192.
147.Jenny von Westphalen to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1641.
148. Further details on the background of the Rheinische Zeitung can be found in
E. Silberner, Moses Hess (Leiden, 1966) pp. 91 ff.
149.Rheinische Briefen und Akten, ed. Hansen, 1 315.
150.G . Jung to A. Ruge, MEGA 1 (2) 261.
151. M. Hess to A. Auerbach, in M. Hess, Briefwechsel, ed. E. Silberner (The Hague, 1959) p. 80.
152.On Marx's articles for the Rheinische Zeitung in general, see A. McGovern, 'Karl Marx's first political writings: the Rheinische Zeitung 1842-43', Demythologising Marxism, ed. F. Adelmann (The Hague, 1969).
153.Writings of the Young Marx, p. 98.
154.Ibid., p. 105.
155.Marx to A. Ruge, MEGA 1 i (2) 278.
156.K. Marx, 'Debates on the Freedom of the Press', MEW 134.
157.K. Marx, 'Debates on the Freedom of the Press', Early Texts, pp. 35 f.
158.K. Marx, MEW 1 57.
159.Ibid., 58.
160.Ibid.
161. G . Jung to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 275.
162.A. Ruge to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 276.
163.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW XXVII 405.
164.K. Marx, 'The leading Article of the Kolnische Zeitung', MEGA 1 i (2) 233.
165.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 38.
166.Ibid., p. 42.
167.K. Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 250.
168.Cf. MEGA 1 i (2) 281 ff.
169.Marx to Oppenheim, MEGA 1 i (2) 280.
170.Karl Marx: Dokumente seines Lebens, p. 117.
171. R. Prutz, Zehn Jahre (Leipzig, 1856) 11 359 ff.
172. G. Mevissen, in H. von Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte im Neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1905) v 201.
3 6 K A R L M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y P A R I S 1 0 3
173.K. Marx, 'Communism and the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung', Early Texts, pp. 47f.
74.K. Marx, op. cit., p. 48.
75.See E. Butler, The Saint-Simonian Religion in Germany (Cambridge, 1926).
76.On Hess, see E. Silberner, Moses Hess.
77.On Stein, see p. 120, note 92.
78.See J. Hansen, Gustav von Mevissen (Berlin, 1906) 1 264 ff.
79.See H. Stein, 'Karl Marx und der Rheinische Pauperismus', Jahrbuch des kblnischen Geschichtsvereins, xiv (1932).
80.K. Marx, 'Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood', Early Texts, p. 49.
81. K. Marx, MEGA 1 i (1) 304.
82. K. Marx, 'Preface to A Critique of Political Economy', MESW 1 361 f.
83.Engels to R. Fischer, MEW xxxix 466.
84.K. Marx, 'On a Proposed Divorce Law', MEGA 1 i (1) 317.
85.A. Ruge, Briefwechsel und Tageblatter, ed. P. Nerrlich (Berlin, 1886) 1 290.
86.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW xxvn 412.
87.F. Engels, 'Karl Marx', MEW xix 97.
88.Marx to Engels, MEW xxxiv 60.
89.W. Bios, in Mohr und General (Berlin, 1965) p. 352.
90. 'On the Distress of the Mosel Wine-Farmers', MEGA 1 i (1) 360; Easton and Guddat, pp. 144 f.
91. 'On the Distress of the Mosel Wine-Farmers', Writings of the Young Marx,
pp. 145 f.
92.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW XXVII 414.
93.On this aspect, see further B. Nicolaievsky and O. Maenchen-Helfen, La Vie de Karl Marx, pp. 76 f.
94.Karl Marx, 'Declaration', ME W 1 200.
95.Marx to Engels, MEW XXXII 128.
96.Rheinische Briefen und Akten, ed. Hansen, 1 496.
97.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW XXVII 415.
98.Ibid.