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and some of the linen, stayed two nights with the Herweghs, and followed Marx to Brussels a few days later.
N O T E S
1.A. Ruge, Briefwechsel, ed. P. Nerrlich (Berlin, 1886) 1 295.
2.Marx to A. Ruge, 'A Correspondence of 1843', Early Texts, p. 74.
3.Ibid.
4.K. Marx, 'A Correspondence of 1843', Early Texts, p. 79.
5.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW xxvii, 416.
6.Ibid.
7.Ibid.
8.The language here is ironically borrowed from exchanges between the censorship authorities and the Rheinische Zeitung.
9.Jenny von Westphalen to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1 644 f.
10.Cf. F. Kugelmann, 'Small Traits of Marx's great Character', in Reminiscences, p. 279.
1 1 . K. Marx, 'Preface' to A Critique of Political Economy, MEWS 1 362.
12.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW XXVII 397.
13.K. Marx, 'Preface' to A Critique of Political Economy, MESW 1 362.
14.See D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, pp. 92 ff. That Marx was very probably not the author of the article 'Luther as Judge between Strauss and Feuerbach' has been shown by H. M. Sass 'Feuerbach Statt Marx', International Review of Social History (1967).
15.L. Feuerbach, Siimtliche Werke (Stuttgart, 1959) n 226.
16.L. Feuerbach, op. cit., p. 239.
17.Marx to Ruge, MEGA 1 i (2) 308.
18.There is an excellent edition of Marx's manuscript: K. Marx, Critique of
Hegel's 'Philosophy of Right', ed. J. O'Malley (Cambridge, 1970). See also L. Dupre, The Philosophical Foundations of Marxism (New York, 1966) pp. 87 ff.; S. Avineri, 'The Hegelian Origins of Marx's Political Thought', Review of Metaphysics (September 1967); H. Lefebvre, The Sociology of Marx (London, 1968) pp. 123 ff.; J. Hyppolite, 'La Conception hegelienne de l'Etat et sa critique par Karl Marx', Etudes sur Marx et Hegel, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1965); J. Barion, Hegel und die marxistische Staatslehre (Bonn, 1963).
19.Hegel's political philosophy was undoubtedly rather ambivalent: on the one hand he described the French Revolution as a 'glorious dawn' and throughout his life drank a toast on the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille; on the
other hand many of his pronouncements, particularly later in life, tended to a more conservative, not to say reactionary position. On the question of how liberal in politics Hegel really was, see Z. A. Pelczynski's introduction to
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K A RL M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y |
Hegel's Political Writings (Oxford, 1964) and criticism of Pelczynski by Sidney Hook in his articles 'Hegel Re-habilitated', Encounter (January 1965), and 'Hegel and his Apologists', Encounter (May 1966), together with the replies by S. Avineri and Pelczynski, Encounter (November 1965 and March 1966). The two best books on Hegel's politics are S. Avineri, Hegel's Theory of the Modern State (Cambridge, 1972) and R. Plant, Hegel (London, 1973).
20.K. Marx, 'Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right', Early Texts, p. 65.
21.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 67.
22.For later references to bureaucracy in Marx's writings, see Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, pp. 48 ff.; K. Axelos, Marx, Penseur de la technique (Paris, 1961) pp. 97 ff.; I. Fetscher, 'Marxismus und Biirokratie',
International Review of Social History, v (i960).
23.See R. Heiss, 'Hegel und Marx', Symposium, Jahrbuch fur Philosophic, 1 (1948).
24.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 69.
25.K. Marx, Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of Right', p. 78.
26.Ibid., pp. 80 ff.
27.Ibid., p. 81.
28.Ibid., p. 96.
29.Ibid., p. 119.
30.Ibid., pp. 120 ff.
31. Evidence for this is to be found in Marx's manuscript itself. For example, in a phrase about 'starting from self-conscious, real Spirit', he subsequently deleted the word 'self-conscious' which was, no doubt, too reminiscent of Bauer's idealism. See 'Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of the State', MEGA
1 i (1)418.
32.Marx to A. Ruge, Early Texts, p. 80.
33.Ibid., pp. 80 ff.
34.Ibid., p. 81.
35.Ibid., p. 82.
36.Ibid., p. 80.
37.Marx to L. Feuerbach, Early Texts, p. 84.
38.For an excellent account of current political groupings and publications, see P. Kagi, Genesis des historischen Materialismus (Vienna, 1965) pp. 157 ff.
39.Cf. A. Ruge, Zwei Jahre in Paris, 1 69 ff.
40.Cf. A. Ruge to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 315.
41.Quoted in Karl Marx: Dokumente seines Lebens, p. 155.
42.Marx to A. Ruge, Early Texts, p. 60.
43.K. Marx, 'On the Jewish Question', Early Texts, p. 91.
44.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 92.
45.Ibid., pp. 93 f.
46.Ibid., p. 95.
47.Ibid., p. 99.
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48.Ibid., p. 102 f.
49.Ibid., p. 103.
50.Ibid., p. 108.
51. Ibid., p. n o .
52.Ibid., p. H I .
53.Ibid., p. 112.
54.Ibid., p. 113.
55.Ibid., p. 114.
56.Ibid., p. 60. Cf. H. Hirsch, 'Karl Marx und die Bittschriften fur die Gleichberechtigung der Juden', Archiv fiir Sozialgeschichte (1968).
57.Cf. D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, pp. 152 ff.
58.K. Marx, Early Writings, ed. T. Bottomore (London, 1963) p. 176. There
are similarly enthusiastic comments in a letter to Feuerbach, Early Texts,
p. 185, and in The Holy Family (Moscow, 1956) p. 113.
59.Cf. E. Schraepler, 'Der Bund der Gerechten', Archiv fllr Sozialgeschichte (1962).
60.K. Marx, 'Herr Vogt', MEW xiv 439.
61. K. Marx, 'Introduction to A Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right', Early Texts,
p.115.
62.K. Marx, Early Texts, pp. 1 1 5 ff.
63.Ibid., p. 116.
64.Ibid.
65.See, for example, R. Tucker, Philosophy a?id Myth in Karl Marx (Cambridge, 1961).
66.See H. Popitz, Der entfremdete Mensch (Basel, 1953).
67.The best general discussions of this topic are the two books by H. Desroches,
Marxisme et religion (Paris, 1962); Socialisme et sociologie religieuse (Paris, 1965).
68.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 116.
69.Ibid.
70.Ibid., p. 117.
71.Ibid., p. 121.
72.Ibid., pp. 121 ff.
73.Ibid., p. 122.
74.Ibid., pp. 122 ff.
75.Ibid., p. 123.
76.Ibid., p. 124.
77.Ibid.
78.Ibid., p. 125.
79.Ibid.
80.Ibid.
81.Ibid.
82.Ibid., p. 126.
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83.Ibid.
84.Ibid., p. 127.
85.Ibid.
86.While at Kreuznach Marx had read, and took many extracts from, the works of Wachsmuth, Condorcet, Madame Roland, Madame de Stael, Mignet, Thiers, Buchez and Roux, Bailleul and Levasseur.
87.K. Marx, Early Texts, pp. 127 f.
88. M. Friedrich, Philosophic und Oekonomie beim jungen Marx (Berlin, 1962)
p. 81, following H. Popitz, Der entfremdete Mensch (Basel, 1967) p. 99.
89.Wackenheim, La Faillite de la religion d'apres Karl Marx (Paris, 1963) p. 200.
90. E. Olssen, 'Marx and the Resurrection', Journal of the History of Ideas (1968)
p. 136.
91.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 126.
92.It is surprising, then, that some have argued that Lorenz von Stein's book
Socialism and Communism in Contemporary France was instrumental in his conversion. The book had first appeared eighteen months previously when Marx was not responsive to socialist ideas; though it had wide influence on the German radical circles in which he moved, it had apparently made no impact on him at that time. Further on Stein, see K. Mengelberg, 'Lorenz
von Stein and his Contribution to Historical Sociology', Journal of the History of Ideas, XII (1961); and J. Weiss, 'Dialectical Idealism and the Work of Lorenz von Stein', International Review of Social History, VII (1963).
93.On the immense interest in 'social questions' in Germany in the mid-1840s, and the literature to which this gave rise, see K Obermann, 'Die soziale Frage in den Anfangen der sozialistischen und kommunistischen Bewegung in Deutschland, 1843-45', Annali (1963).
94.Cf. P. Noyes, Organization and Revolution (Princeton, 1966) pp. 15 ff., and for France in particular, R. Price, The French Second Republic (London, 1972) ch. 1.
95.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 128.
96.Ibid., p. 129.
97.Cf. K. Marx: Chronik seines Lebens in Einzeldaten (Frankfurt, 1971) p. 21.
98.On what Marx understood by the term at this date, see pp. 101 ff. below.
99.A. Ruge, Briefwechsel, ed. P. Nerrlich (Berlin, 1886) 1 341.
100.A. Ruge, op. cit., 1 346.
101. Formerly mistress of the composer Liszt.
102.A. Ruge, op. cit., 1 350, and Zwei Jahre in Paris (Leipzig, 1946), 11 140. See further F. Mehring's Introduction to Aus dem literarischen Nachlass von K. Marx, F. Engels, F. Lassalle, 11 13 ff.
103.Marx, 'Critical Remarks on the Article: The King of Prussia and Social Reform', Early Texts, p. 213.
104.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 220.
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105.Ibid., p. 221.
106.Ibid., p. 220.
107.Ibid., p. 221.
108.G. Herwegh, Briefwechsel, ed. M. Herwegh (Munich, 1898) p. 328.
109.H. Heine, Lutece, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1855) p. xii.
no . A. Ruge, Briefwechsel, 11 346.
i n . Eleanor Marx, in Die neue Zeit, xiv (1896) 1 16 f. These reminiscences, and the following story which comes from the same source, are not, of course, entirely reliable. See L. Marcuse, 'Heine and Marx: A History and a Legend', Germanic Review (1955); W. Victor, Marx und Heine (Berlin, 1952); and especially N. Reeves, 'Heine and the Young Marx', Oxford German Studies
112. Marx to Kugelmann, MEW xxxn 567. Cf. D. Ryazanov, 'Marx und |
seine |
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Bekannten in den vierzigen Jahren', Die neue Zeit, |
xxxi (1913). |
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113 |
. Marx to Engels, MEW xxxv 35. |
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114. Marx to Schweitzer, MESW 1 392. See also, |
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Engels, Introduction to |
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K Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (New York, |
1963) p. 7. |
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115 |
. Herzen recalled in his Memoirs that Karl Vogt - against whom Marx later |
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polemicised at extraordinary length - once got so bored during an evening |
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at Bakunin's when Proudhon was there discussing Hegel's Phenomenology that |
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he went home. He returned the next morning and 'was amazed to hear a |
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loud conversation at that hour of the morning... on opening the door he |
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saw Proudhon and Bakunin still sitting in the same places in front of the dead |
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embers of the fire, concluding the discussion they had started the evening |
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before'. |
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116 |
. Cf. A. Ruge, Briefwechsel, 1 343. |
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117. A. Ruge to Dunker, Tiigliche Rundschau, 22 July 1921. |
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118 |
. K. Marx, 'Paris Manuscripts', Early Texts, p. 131. |
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119 |
. K Marx, 'Preface to A Critique of Political Economy', MESW 1 364. |
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120. K. Marx, 'Paris Manuscripts', Early Texts, p. 132. |
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121. On the economic parts of the Manuscripts, see particularly, E. Mandel, |
The |
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Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx |
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2; J. |
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Maguire, Marx's Paris Writings (Dublin, 1972) ch. |
3. |
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122.K. Marx, Early Writings, pp. 76 f.
123.Cf. W. Schulz, Die Bewegung der Produktion. Eine geschichtlich-statistische Abhandlung (Zurich, 1843). The economic sections of the Manuscripts show the influence of Schulz more than any other writer.
124.C. Pecqueur, Theorie nouvelle d'economie sociale et politique (Paris, 1842). Pecqueur advocated a democratic, fairly centralised socialism and criticised capitalism as contrary to religion and morality.
125.E. Buret, De la misere des classes laborieuses en Angleterre et en France (Paris, 1840). Buret's book is a well-documented account both of the horrors of the