5 7 6 |
K A RL M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y |
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not win the war against Austria in 1866. He was, however, happy with the |
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outcome as 'everything is good which centralises the bourgeoisie' (Marx to |
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Engels, ME W xxxi 243). |
49. |
Cf. R. Morgan, The German Social Democrats, pp. 63 ff. |
50. |
Report of Lessner in 'Der Vorbote', ME W xvi 524. |
51. |
MESW 1 386. |
52.Marx to Engels, MEW xxxi 85.
53.Ibid., 101.
54.George Howell alleged in 1878 that Marx himself was responsible for 'sowing the seed of discord' by introducing the religious idea at this meeting. Marx just as vehemendy denied that he had anything to do with it. Although Marx's reply to Howell is not quite accurate in some details, the Minutes contain no mention of Marx in connection with the motion: support for it was exclusively French. For reference to sources and discussion of this point, see H. Collins and C. Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour Movement, pp. 110 ff.
55.Marx to Engels, MEW xxxi 229.
56.Ibid.
57.Marx to Kugelmann, MEW xxxi 529.
58.The General Council of the First International, Minutes, 1 349.
59.Op. cit., 1 343 f.
60.Op. cit., 1 351.
61.J. Freymond (ed.), La Premiere Internationale (Geneva, 1962) 1 107.
62.J. Freymond, op. cit., 1 56.
63.Marx to Kugelmann, MEW 529.
64.Marx to Engels, ME W xxxi 342 f.
65.Marx to Engels, MEW xxxii 414 f.
66.Ibid., 463.
67.Cf. R. Morgan, The German Social Democrats, pp. 63 ff.
68.Marx to Engels, MEW xxxi 342.
69.Marx to Eccarius and Lessner, MEW xxxii 558.
70. Cf. General Council of the First International, Minutes, 11 232 ff. 71. J. Freymond (ed.), La Premiere Internationale, 1 430.
72.Marx to Meyer, MEW xxxii 560.
73.Marx to Engels, MEW xxxii 169.
74.See in particular Marx's letter in Kugelmann in MEW xxxii 638. Also to Meyer and Vogt, MESC pp. 236 ff.
75.Marx to Bolte, MEW XXXIII 328.
76.Marx to Engels, MEW xxxi 16.
77.Ibid, xxxii 234.
78.Engels to Marx, MEW xxxii 235.
79.See Marx's marginal notes reproduced in Documents of the First International
T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L |
377 |
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(Moscow, 1964) 11 273 ff. this time as 'a grotesque improvisations'.
Marx referred generally to Bakunin's ideas about programme .. . thoughdess babblings . .. insipid
80.M. Bakunin, Correspondance avec Herzen et Ogareff (Paris, 1896) pp. 290 ff.
81.Quoted in F. Mehring, Karl Marx, p. 404.
82.On the strength of the International, see further J. Braunthal, History of the International 1 106 ff.
83.See further, J. Rougerie, 'Sur l'Histoire de la iere Internationale' Le Mouvement Social (May-June 1965) pp. 30 ff.
84.Engels to Cuno, MEW XXXIII 461 f.
85.See comment on pp. 394 ff. below.
86.Marx to Engels, MEW XXIII 5.
87.'First Address on the Franco-Prussian War', MESW 1 488. The sometimes peculiar English of the three Addresses is accounted for by the fact that they were drafted by Marx in English of which his command was never perfect.
88.Op. cit., 1 489.
89.Op. cit., 1 450.
90.Engels to Marx, MEW XXXIII 125 f.
91.Marx to Paul and Laura Lafargue, MEW XXXIII 125 f.
92.MESW 1 495.
93.Marx to Sorge, MEW XXXIII 140.
94.MESW 1 490.
95.Ibid., 492.
96.Marx to Meyer, Letters to Americans (New York, 1953) p. 81.
97.Marx to Engels, MEW XXXIII 54.
98.Engels to Marx, MEW XXXIII 61.
99.Marx to Kugelmann, MEW XXXIII 209.
100.Ibid.
101.Engels to Sorge, MESC, p. 288.
102.MESW 1 485.
103.Probably the best overall historical view is S. Edwards, The Paris Commune (London, 1971). Marx's own writings are most easily available in K. Marx and F. Engels, On the Paris Commune; see also K. Marx and F. Engels,
Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. H. Draper (New York, 1971).
104.Engels had constructed a plan for the defence of Paris against the Prussians. This plan was destroyed by his executors, Bebel and Bernstein, in order to remove evidence of his 'treason against the fatherland'.
105.H. Oberwinder, Sozialismus und Sozialpolitik (Berlin, 1887) p. 55.
106.Marx to Liebknecht, MEW XXXIII 200.
107.Marx to Kugelmann, MEW XXXIII 205.
[08. Marx to Domela Nieuwenhuis, MESC p. 226. 109. Marx to Frankel and Varlin, MEW XXXIII 216.
4 52 KARL M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y
110. The General Council of the First International, Minutes, iv 169. H I . Marx to Frankel, MEW xxm 265.
112. Marx to Frankel, MESC, p. 265.
113. 'The Civil War in France', MESW 1 JOI. 114. MESW 1 506.
115. Ibid., 516.
116. Ibid., 518.
117. MESW 1 520 f.
118. Engels wrote later of Marx's ascribing 'the unconscious tendencies of the Commune... to its credit as more or less conscious plans'. Engels to Bernstein, MESC, p. 366.
119. MESW 1 522.
120. Ibid., 523.
121. Ibid., 529.
122.Ibid., 530.
123.Ibid., 536.
124.Ibid., 541.
125.'The Civil War in France', MESW 1 516.
126.According to the estimates of the Versailles Government 17,000 people were killed during the final 'semaine sanglante' and later research puts the figure even higher.
127.Marx to Domela Nieuwenhuis, MESW, p. 338.
128.'The Civil War in France', MESW 1 541.
129.Marx to Kugelmann, MEW xxxm 238.
130.The World, New York, 18 July 1871. The text is most readily available in 'An interview with Karl Marx', Labour Monthly, June 1972.
131. Jenny Marx in Liebknechts Briefwechsel, ed. G. Eckert (The Hague, 1963)
p. 169.
132.Jenny Marx (daughter) to Andreas Kugelmann, Dokumente, p. 263.
133. Ibid.
134.Cf. Eleanor Marx to Liebknecht, Leibknechts Briefwechsel, pp. 413 ff.
135.Cf. 'Speech on the Seventh Anniversary of the International', MEW xvn
432-
136.See further, A. Lehning, From Buonarotti to Bakunin (Leiden, 1970) ch. vii. On Bakunin, see E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (London and New York, 1937). Also P. Ansart, Marx et I'Anarchisme (Paris, 1969).
137.See further, W. D. McClellan, 'Marxist or Populist? The Russian section of the First International', Etudes de Marxologie, No. 8 (Paris, 1964).
138.Marx to Engels, MEW XXXII 466.
139. On the London Conference there is a wealth of detail and interpretation in M. Molnar, 'Die Londoner Konferenz der Internationale in 1871', Archiv fiir Sozialgeschichte (1964).
SELECT CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY |
205 |
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140. Speech at London Conference, MEW cvu 651. Marx expressed very similar sentiments in his speech in Amsterdam after the Hague Congress in 1872; also in his interview with the New York World in July 1871.
1 4 1 . MEW XVII 6 5 2 .
142. Ibid.
145. Marx to Jenny Marx, MEW xxxm 286.
144.As late as March 1872 Marx could talk of'the excellent progress made since the London Conference' (Marx to Lafargue, MEW xxxm 436).
145.Marx to Kwasniewski, MEW XXXIII 287.
146.The Alleged Splits in the International', La Premiere Internationale, ed. J. Freymond, 11 284.
147.Marx to Bolte, MEW xxxm 328.
148.Marx to Eccarius, MEW xxxm 454.
149.The First International: Minutes of the Hague Congress with Related Documents, ed. H. Gerth (Madison, 1958) p. 529.
150.Ibid., p. 260.
151. Op. cit., pp. 279 ff.
152.Ibid.
153.Marx to Kugelmann, MEW xxxm 565.
154.Cf. Marx to de Paepe, MEW xxxm 338.
155.Marx to Sorge, MEW XXXIII 635.
E I G H T
The Last Decade
The more one lives, as I do, cut off from the outside world, the more one is involved in the emotions of one's closest circle.
Marx to Kugelmann, 1874
I . M A R X A T H O M E
During the 1870s Marx's life became much calmer. His house was no longer the venue for refugees from the Commune or British trade union officials. Although he was increasingly wary of strangers - and any German had to produce written evidence of legitimate business before being let through the door by Helene Demuth - Marx was still interested to receive visits from foreigners sympathetic to socialism. Regular visits, however, were limited to those made by his family and by the small circle of what Marx liked to call his 'scientific friends'. He steadfasdy refused the numerous invitations to give public lectures.1 His temper, too, was much more equable and his appetite for public controversy considerably dampened.
Even in London [he wrote in 1881] I have not taken the slightest notice of such literary yelping. If I didn't adopt this position, I would have to waste most of my time putting people right from California to Moscow. When I was younger, I often waded violendy in but old age brings wisdom at least in so far as one avoids useless dissipation of energy.2
Marx's routine was fairly regular now: he liked to work during the morning, walk after lunch, have his dinner at six and receive friends at nine.5 His most frequent visitor was Engels who had moved to London in 1 8 70 and lived in a fine house in Regent's Park Road less than ten minutes' walk away. He would come regularly to Marx at 1.00 p.m., and the two friends would either pace up and down in Marx's study, both wearing a beaten track in the carpet diagonally from corner to corner, or, if the weather was fine, go for a walk on Hampstead Heath. Jenny, however, could not face the last ten years of her life with much optimism: ' N o w I am too old', she wrote to Liebknecht in 1 8 7 2, 'to have much hope any