UNIT 6
Read and translate the text:
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights (1689) is one of the basic instruments of the British constitution, the result of the long 17th century struggle between the Stuart kings and the English people and Parliament. The Bill of Rights provided the foundation on which the government rested after the Revolution of 1688. The Revolution settlement made monarchy clearly conditional on the will of Parliament and provided a freedom from arbitrary government of which most Englishmen were notably proud during the 18th century.
The main purpose of the act was unequivocally to declare illegal various practices of James II. Among such practices proscribed were the royal prerogative of dispensing with the law in certain cases, the complete suspension of laws without the consent of Parliament, and the levying of taxes and the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime without specific parliamentary authorization. A number of clauses sought to eliminate royal interference in parliamentary matters, stressing that elections must be free and that members of Parliament must have complete freedom of speech. Certain forms of interference in the course of justice were also proscribed. The act also dealt with the proximate succession to the throne, provided the heirs were Protestants. It is the constitutional paper of great importance, which prevented the sovereign from abusing his authority.
Vocabulary
Settlement-урегулирование
Unequivocally-двусмысленно
To declare-объявлять
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Maintenance-обслуживание
Heir-наследник
1. The word AUTHORITY has the following meanings in Russian:
1) власть
supreme authority — верховная власть
2) полномочие, право, права, компетенция
to act on smb.'s authority — действовать на основании полученных полномочий
3) р1. власти, начальство, администрация
local authorities — местные власти; органы местного самоуправления
4) авторитет, вес, влияние
to have authority with smb. — пользоваться авторитетом у кого-либо
5) авторитет, крупный специалист
he is an authority on law — он является авторитетом в области права
2. Match the following English expressions with their Russian
equivalents:
1)competent authority
2)law-enforcement authorities / agencies
3)lawful authority
4)on good authority
5)the authority of Parliament!
6)to abuse one's authority
7)to gain in authority
8)to hand over one's authority to smb.
9)to have / to exercise authority
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10)to undermine smb.'s . authority
11)to vest smb. with authority
12)unrestricted authority
Read and translate the text: Criminology
Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.
The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behavior and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.
Criminology originated in the late 18th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There is as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19th century, the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the social defense movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.
Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the in-
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itial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offences, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.
Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more treatment that is effective. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.
Vocabulary
Behavior-поведение
To evolve-развиваться
Movement-движение
Efficiency-эффективность
To extend-простираться
Research-исследование
1.Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
1.криминология рассматривает природу и причины преступлений
2.изучение обстоятельств правонарушения по материалам дела
3.криминология опирается на открытия других наук
4.проблемы задержания преступников
5.проблемы предотвращения преступлений
6.применение на практике
7.исправительные учреждения
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8. установить причины преступности
9. выработать действующие принципы
10. смягчить наказание
11. подвергнуть сомнению
2. Answer the following questions:
1. What steps can society take to cope with crime?
2. What trends can be observed in the development of criminology?
3. What methods and techniques are applied in criminology? 4. In what other spheres of life can criminology find a use-
ful application?
3. Find in the text the description of the criminal and compose an opposite one: e.g. "The suspect is described as black, very tall..." Use some of the expressions given below:
Face — long, round, oval, thin, plump, fleshy, puffy, wrinkled,pasty, pimpled, pock-marked, clean-shaven
Features — clean-cut, delicate, forceful, regular / irregular,large, small, stern
Complexion — fair, pale, dark, sallow
Hair — curly, wavy, straight, receding (scanty), rumpled, shoulder-length, medium-length, short-cut, crew-cut, bobbed, dyed, bald, fair /dark-haired
Forehead — high, low, narrow, square, broad
Eyes — hollowed, bulging, close-set, deep-set, sunken, wide-apart, crossed-eyed
Eyebrows — thin, thick, bushy, arched, penciled, shaggy Ears — small, big, jug-eared NOSE — prominent,
straight, pointed, hooked, flat, aquiline, snub-nosed Lips — full, thin, painted, cleft lip
Teeth — even / uneven, sparse, artificial Cheeks — plump, hollow, ruddy, stubby
Chin — square, pointed, double, massive, protruding
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