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Ornamental factors to consider include flower and fruit presence and appearance, foliage color and texture, bark characteristics, shade density, fall color, and winter appearance. Some trees have thorns or spines, objectionable odors, a tendency to have basal or root sprouts, or maintenance-related needs that also should be considered.

3. Continue the sentences:

1.Certain properties affect …

2.Some trees are …

3.In some cases, …

4.Other species may …

5.Tree shade tolerance can …

6.However, overwatering can …

7.Suppressed trees often …

8.Fast growth rate is …

9.Only short trees should be planted …

10.Trees in groups can be planted …

11.Tree species and cultivars vary in …

12.Preferred crown form is …

13.For example, …

14.However,…

15.This area can be …

16.Soil conditions under paved areas are …

17.As mentioned previously, …

18.While some of this is all right, …

19.Ornamental characteristics are …

20.Some trees have …

4.Put ten special questions to the text.

5.Write down the key words of the text.

6.Write а summary of the text in English and present it in a form of a report.

7.Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

A) The development of satellite navigation systems has proved to be of enormous value to _______________ .

B) Corporate wood products tend to cost less because of the large volume and small overhead costs per unit ___________.

a) sold b) is sold c) selling d) having sold

C) As you may remember, we have to discuss the terms of delivery. – __________. а) Yes, of course. Could you manage on Monday?

b)I suppose that suits me too.

c)You do not say so! I hardly believe it.

d)Certainly, I will be present.

D)_______________ school buses are a tradition in the US and parts of Britain.

8. Define the type of the business letter:

Tom Jones

225 Hartman Drive Portsmouth,

NH 03801

(603) 555-4606-18-15

January 22, 2015

Mr. Howard Speller

General Sales Manager

Speller Automobiles Ltd.

315 Rolling Woods Highway

Dover,

NH 03723

Gentlemen,

We thank you for your letter of 28 June, and are glad to inform you that all the items listed in your enquiry are in stock.

We are enclosing a proforma invoice for the consumer goods you are interested in. We are enclosing details of our terms of payment.

The Head of our Sales Department would be happy to discuss discounts with you if you would kindly let us know how large your orders are likely to be.

We can guarantee delivery in Melbourne within 3 weeks of receiving your instructions.

We assure you that your orders will receive our immediate attention. We are looking forward to hearing from you.

Yours truly,

Tom Jones,

Sales Manager

SECTION 4

1. Learn the words and word combinations:

2. Read and translate the text:

CHOICE OF SAWMILL

Because of the great variety and complexity of the problems that can arise in connection with sawmilling the establishment of sawmills of standard type seldom can be provided without special precautions. Consideration of the local climatic conditions makes it possible to estimate variations in seasonal supply and their effect on the sawmill choice.

A factor of great importance is to form a correct estimate of the wood species. In certain cases, the presence of internal tensions or the danger of warping during seasoning may dictate a special mode of sawing (tangential cutting or complete quarter sawing). Knowledge of the resistance of the wood to the penetration of the teeth makes it possible to establish the dimension and the power of the saws.

The choice of the type of sawmill depends also on the following conditions occurring at the same time: the possibility of rate coordination of the various sawing stations’ operations and the regular operation ensuring of each one. If this can be done, there is a

fine chance to organize a highly mechanized sawmill which is entirely analogous to that of standard type.

In addition to the lumber cutting, the pre-sawing preparation of logs and postsawing control of lumber seasoning and other general services are also part of any sawmill activity. Sometimes the outside-mill activity requires more than half of the total labour force. Therefore it is important to have this outside-mill operation wellorganized and mechanized.

Usually the logs are cross-cut before entering the mill. The portable electric chain saws are most convenient for this operation. It is preferable to debark some species with thick bark beforehand because they usually contain sandy particles. For such cases a mechanical debarker should be used. If a sawmill cuts a major portion of species susceptible to fungus or insect attack, a mechanized tank for dipping treatment should be installed at the remote end of the «green» chain. Transportation and stacking of lumber for air seasoning usually requires a sizeable labour force. The most economical method is to stack the lumber for air seasoning immediately after removing it from the «green» chain. The piles should be of a convenient size for transporting them by a fork-lift. Correct seasoning is very important in a sawmill production. Whether kiln or semi-artificial seasoning should be a part of the postsawing treatment, or natural air seasoning is enough, can be decided according to particular requirements

Sawmilling is one of the oldest and the most widespread manufacturing technologies in the world. Today sawmills are being mechanized and automated at an ever-developing rate as new tools are adopted to solve the problems of increasing productivity and quality in the process of making lumber from logs. Hydraulic power and electric motors and controls are available for use in air compressors and air cylinders for a variety of mechanical needs: to kick logs out of a delivery trough, to move the log carriage back and forth in front of the saw, to turn logs, etc.

Mechanization and automation have been making some advances. They provide for better, uniform quality. It is a well-known fact that setting dimensions demands full attention, both mental and physical efforts from workers, but modern mechanical devices cannot be tired of repetition. So, they increase the production of the plant and the productive capacity of its labour force.

3. Continue the sentences:

1.The establishment of sawmills of standard type …

2.A factor of great importance is …

3.In certain cases, …

4.Knowledge of …

5.If this can be done, …

6.In addition to …

7.Therefore it is important to …

8.It is preferable to …

9.For such cases …

10.The most economical method is …

11.Correct seasoning is …

12.Today sawmills are …

13.Mechanization and automation …

14.Hydraulic power and electric motors and controls are …

15.They provide for …

16.It is a well-known fact that …

17.Modern mechanical devices cannot be …

18.So, they increase …

19.The piles should be …

20.Sometimes the outside-mill activity requires …

4.Write down the key words of the text.

5.Write а summary of the text in English and present it in a form of a report.

6.Write the words in the sentence in correct order:

are important / in tree selection / ornamental characteristics / factors

7. Fill in the form using the following information:

8. Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

A) In Finland and Sweden all the ________ are annually covered by middleresolution satellite images (10-30 m) for account of the state budget.