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167 |
26.On Stirner in general, see R. Paterson, The Nihilistic Egoist - Max Stirner (Oxford, 1971).
27.K. Marx and F. Engels, The German Ideology, p. 28.
28.On the circumstances surrounding the composition and fate of The German Ideology, see the exhaustive study, B. Andreas and W. Monke, 'Neue Daten zur "Deutschen Ideologic",' Archiv fUr Sozialgeschichte VIII (1968).
29.K. Marx and F. Engels, The German Ideology, p. 27.
30.Ibid., pp. 31 ff.
31. Ibid., p. 32.
32.Ibid.
33.Ibid., p. 38.
34.Ibid., p. 45.
35.Ibid.
36.Ibid., pp. 59 ff.
37.Ibid., p. 61.
38.Ibid., p. 48.
39.Ibid., pp. 87 ff.
40.Ibid., p. 45.
41. Ibid., p. 36.
42.Cf. Engels to Marx, Marx to Engels, MEW XXVII 11 ff.
43.See further, N. Lobkowicz, 'Karl Marx and Max Stirner' in Demythologising Marxism.
44.K. Marx and F. Engels, The German Ideology, p. 272.
45.Ibid., p. 366.
46.Ibid., p. 441.
47.Ibid., p. 443.
48.Ibid., p. 514.
49.MESW 1 392.
50. Cf. Marx to Annenkov, in K Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (Moscow, 1956) p. 217.
51. MESW 1 364. The manuscript was not published until 1932.
52.Cf. Georg Weerth to Wilhelm Weerth, SUmtliche Werke (1957) v 239. Marx told Weerth that he had never slept more than four hours a night for several years.
53.MEW xxi 212. Translated in Struik, op. cit., pp. 15 ff.
54.Cf. H. Burgers, 'Erinnerungen an F. Freiligrath', Vossische Zeitung, Sep-Dec 1870.
55.Quoted in F. Mehring, 'Freiligrath und Marx in ihrem Briefwechsel', Die neue Zeit, no. 12 (April 1912) p. 7.
56.For Gigot and other Belgians in Marx's circle, see J. Kuypers, 'Karl Marx' belgischer Freundeskreis', International Review of Social History (1962).
57.Marx claimed that he had debts of more than 1000 francs and that it was
K A R L M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y
cheaper to live in the guest house - which lodged many of the Brussels communists on and off - as he 'would have had to hire another maid as the smallest child is now weaned'. Marx to Weydemeyer, in B. Andreas and W. Monke, 'Neue Daten zur "Deutschen Ideologic" ', Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte, vm 70.
58.See below, pp. 174 ff.
59.Jenny Marx to Marx, in L. Dornemann, Jenny Marx, p. 91.
60.S. Born, Erinnerungen eines Achtundvierzigers (Leipzig, 1896) pp. 67 ff.
61.Marx to Proudhon, MEW XXVII 442.
62.Cf. M. Netdau, 'Londoner deutsche kommunistische Diskussionen, 1845',
GrUnberg-Archiv, x (1925).
63.See the passage quoted below p. 417 for the pungent characterisation of Marx as he appeared at the meeting.
64.Reminiscences of Marx and Engels, pp. 270 ff.
65.In Engels' letter to Bebel of 1888, this point is said to be the main reason for the break. See MEW XXXVII 118.
66.M. Hess, Briefwechsel, p. 151.
67.Cf. M. Hess, op. cit., p. 153. To speak of a 'purge' in this connection is to read back post-1917 events quite inappropriately. There was, in any case, no 'party' in the relevant sense.
68.See further, H. Schltiter, Die Anfange der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung in Amerika (Stuttgart, 1907) pp. 19 ff.
69.MEW iv 3.
70.Ibid., 10
71.M. Hess, Briefwechsel, p. 155.
72.M. Hess, op. cit., p. 157.
73. K. Marx, 'Herr Vogt,' MEW xiv 439. Translated in D. Struik, op. cit.,
p. 149.
74.Marx to Proudhon, MEW xxvii 442.
75.Proudhon to Marx, in P. Haubtmann, Marx et Proudhon (Paris, 1947) pp. 63 ff. For the relations of Proudhon and Marx, see further: J. Hoffman, Revolutionary Justice (Urbana, 1972) pp. 85 ff.
76.For Proudhon in general, see G. Woodcock, Proudhon (London, 1956). Prob-
ably the |
best account of Proudhon's ideas is J. Bancal, Proudhon: Pluralisme |
et Autogestion, 2 vols. (Paris, 1970). |
|
77. Marx to |
Annenkov, in K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (Moscow, n.d.) |
pp. 202 ff.
78.K. Marx, op. cit., p. 217.
79.Ibid., p. 46.
80.Ibid.
81.Ibid., p. 47.
82.The big difference between The Poverty of Philosophy and Marx's 1844 writings
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169 |
is that Marx in 1847 accepted the labour theory of value that he had previously rejected. He had probably made this change during his visit to Manchester in 1845 where he read the English socialist economists who drew the radical conclusions that were obviously deducible from Ricardo's idea that labour was the source of all value. See further, E. Mandel, The Formation of Marx's Economic Thought, chs. 3 and 4.
83.In 1847-8 Marx held a theory of absolute pauperisation that he later abandoned.
84.K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (Moscow, n.d.) p. 61.
85.Ibid., p. 64.
86.Ibid., p. 67.
87.Ibid., p. 70.
88.Ibid.
89.Ibid., p. 76.
90.Ibid.
91.Ibid., pp. 86 ff.
92.Ibid., p. 116.
93.Contrary to what is alleged in many books, Marx never employed these terms - nor, for that matter, did Hegel.
94.K. Marx, The Powerty of Philosophy (Moscow, n.d.) p. 122.
95.Ibid., p. 135.
96.Ibid., pp. 140 ff.
97.Ibid., pp. 196 ff.
98.Proudhon to Fuillaumin, 19 September 1847, in P. Haubtmann, Marx et Proudhon, p. 92.
99.P. Haubtmann, op. cit., p. 94.
100.Engels to Kommunistische Korrespondenz-Komitee in Brussel.
101. M. Hess, Briefwechsel, p. 44.
102.Marx to Koettgen, MEW rv 21 ff.
103.Cf. E. Schraepler, 'Der Bund der Gerechten. Seine Tatigkeit in London 1840-1847', Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte (1962).
104.F. Lessner, 'Vor 1848 und nachher', Deutsche Worte, xvm (1898) p. 103.
105.For Schapper and Moll, see Marx und Engels und die erste proletarischen Revolution&re, ed. E. Kandel (Berlin, 1965) pp. 42 ff.
106.C. Grilnberg, 'Bruno Hildebrand tiber den Kommunistischen Arbeiterbildungsverein in London', Archiv fur die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung, (1925) pp. 455 ff.
107.M. Netdau, 'Londoner deutsche kommunistische Diskussionen, 1845', Archiv fur die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung, x (1922) p. 371.
108.Ibid., p. 368.
109.Harney to Engels, The Harney Papers (Assen, 1969) pp. 242 ff.
1 7 0 |
K A RL M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y |
n o . Schapper to Marx, quoted in H. Gemkow, Karl Marx, Eine Biographic (Berlin, 1968), p. 100.
111.K. Marx: Chronik seines Lebens (Moscow, 1934), p. 35.
112. Schapper to Marx, quoted in Karl Marx: Dokumente seines Lebens, p. 190. 113. Cf. Engels to Marx, MEW xxvii 70.
114. K. Marx, 'Herr Vogt', MEW xiv 439.
115. Marx to Bios, MEW xxxiv 308.
116. The documents relevant to this Congress have only recendy been discovered and published as Grundungsdokumente des Bundes der Kommunisten Juni bis September 1847, ed. B. Andreas (Hamburg, 1969). This corrects the widespread view (e.g. Mehring, p. 139) that Marx's ideas were thoroughly accepted as early as the summer of 1847. The documents also show that the League had branches in a dozen German cities and even one in Stockholm.
117. See the list in J. Kuypers, 'Karl Marx' belgischer Freundeskreis', International Review of Social History (1962).
118. Marx to Herwegh, MEW xxvii 470.
119. Marx to Herwegh, MEW xxvii 467.
120.K. Marx, 'The Communism of the Rheinischer Beobachter', MEW iv 200.
121. Ibid., 202.
122.Ibid.
123.K. Marx, 'Moralising Criticism and Critical Morality', MEW iv 340.
124.Ibid., 338.
125.K. Marx, MEGA 1 6 431: this is taken from a summary of the speech published by Engels in the Northern Star. The beginning of the speech is published in MEW iv 296 ff. Apparendy the continuation was taken up verbatim in Marx's lecture of 9 January 1848 to the Democratic Association. See below, note 133.
126.See further, W. Haenisch, 'Karl Marx and the Democratic Association of 1847', Science and Society, Winter 1937.
127.Report in the Northern Star, quoted in Haenisch, op. cit., p. 88.
128.There is a very full account of this meeting in E. Dolleans, Le Chartisme (Paris, 1949) pp. 296 ff.
129.K. Marx, 'Speech on Poland', MEW iv 416 f.
130.F. Engels, 'History of the Communist League', MEW xxi 215 f.
131. MEW rv 596. The structure adopted was, if anything, less democratic than that of the June Congress.
132. F. Lessner, 'Before 1848 and After', in Reminiscences of Marx and Engels,
p. 153.
133.These were eventually published in 1849 in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. See MEW iv 397 ff. Marx's notes for his lectures, covering sixteen pages, have been published in MEGA 1 6 451 ff.
134.K. Marx, 'Wage Labour and Capital', MES W 1 90.
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135.Ibid., 91.
136.Ibid., 98.
137.MEGA 1 6 635.
138.S. Born, Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1898) p. 73.
139.See E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (London and New York, 1937) pp. 153 ff.
140.K. Marx, 'Discours sur le Libre-echange', Oeuvres, ed. M. Rubel, 1 (Paris, 1963) p. 156.
141. See the translation in D. Struik (ed.), The Birth of the Communist Manifesto,
pp. 163 ff.
142.Engels to Marx, MEW XXVII 98.
143.See M. Hess, Philosophische Aufsatze, ed. A. Cornu and W. Monke (Berlin, 1961).
144.Engels to Marx, MEW XXVII 107.
145.Cf. H. Bollnow, 'Engels' Auffassung von Revolution und Entwicklung in seinen Grundsatzen des Kommunismus" in Marxismusstudien, 1 (1954) pp. 57 ff.
146.F. Engels, 'Karl Marx', MEW xvi 363.
147.F. Engels, Preface to 1883 edition, MESW 1 25.
148.MESW 1 34.
149.Ibid., 36.
150.Ibid., 37.
151. Ibid., 39.
152.Ibid., 41.
153.Ibid., 44.
154.Ibid., 45.
155.Ibid., 47. See further the exhaustive analysis of H. Draper, 'The concept of the Lumpenproletariat in Marx and Engels', Economie et Socie'te's (December 1972).
156.Ibid., 52.
157.Ibid., 53.
158.Ibid., 54. This programme is remarkable for its comparatively tentative and moderate nature. With an eye to an alliance with sections of the bourgeoisie, reform proposals were limited to circulating capital while production, for the time being, was to remain largely in private hands. See further, Y. Wagner and M. Strauss, 'The Programme of The Communist Manifesto and its Theoretical Implications', Political Studies (December 1969).
159.MESW 1.
160.Ibid., 58.
161. Ibid., 60.
162.Ibid., 62.
163.Ibid., 63.
164.Ibid., 65.
165.For the commentary stressing Marx's debt to the French socialists, see