Материал: Weber H., Herziger G., Poprawe R. (eds.) Laser Fundamentals. Part 1 (Springer 2005)(263s) PEo

Внимание! Если размещение файла нарушает Ваши авторские права, то обязательно сообщите нам

	References for 4.2	213

76Sor	Sorokin, P.P., Wynne, J.J., Armstrong, J.A., Hodgson, R.T.: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 267
	(1976) 30.
76Tay	Taylor, J.R.: Opt. Commun. 18 (1976) 504.
76Wal	Wallace, S.C., Zdasiuk, G.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 28 (1976) 449.
77Bjo	Bjorklund, G.C., Bjorkholm, J.E., Freeman, R.R., Liao, P.F.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 31
	(1977) 330.
77Dra	Drabovich, I.N., Mitev, V.M., Pavlov, L.I., tamenov, K.V.: Opt. Commun. 20 (1977)
	350.
77Gro1	Grozeva, M.G., Metchkov, D.I., Mitev, V.M., Pavlov, L.I., Stamenov, K.V.: Opt. Com-
	mun. 23 (1977) 77.
77Gro2	Grozeva, M.G., Metchkov, D.I., Mitev, V.M., Pavlov, L.I., Stamenov, K.V.: Phys. Lett.
	A 64 (1977) 41.
77Met	Metchkov, D.I., Mitev, V.M., Pavlov, L.I., Stamenov, K.V.: Opt. Commun. 21 (1977)
	391.
77Rei	Reintjes, J., She, C.Y., Eckardt, R.C., Karangelen, N.E., Andrews, R.A., Elton, R.C.:
	Appl. Phys. Lett. 30 (1977) 480.
77Roy	Royt, T.R., Lee, C.H.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 30 (1977) 332.
77She	She, C.Y., Reintjes, J.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 31 (1977) 95.
78Doi	Doitcheva, V.L., Mitev, V.M., Pavlov, L.I., Stamenov, K.V.: Opt. Quantum Electron.
	10 (1978) 131.
78Eco	Economou, N.P., Freeman, R.R., Bjorklund, G.C.: Opt. Lett. 3 (1978) 209.
78Fre	Freeman, R.R., Bjorklund, G.C., Economou, N.P., Liao, P.F.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 33
	(1978) 739.
78Mah	Mahon, R., McIlrath, T.J., Koopman, D.W.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 33 (1978) 305.
78McK	McKee, T.J., Stoiche , B.P., Wallace, S.C.: Opt. Lett. 3 (1978) 207.
78Mit	Mitev, V.M., Pavlov, L.I., Stamenov, K.V.: J. Phys. B 11 (1978) 819.
78Rei1	Reintjes, J., She, C.Y.: Opt. Commun. 27 (1978) 469.
78Rei2	Reintjes, J., She, C.Y., Eckardt, R.C.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 14 (1978) 581.
78Sla	Slabko, V.V., Popov, A.K., Lukinykh, V.F.: Appl. Phys. 15 (1978) 239.
79Cot1	Cotter, D.: Opt. Commun. 31 (1979) 397.
79Cot2	Cotter, D.: Opt. Lett. 4 (1979) 134.
79Mah	Mahon, R., McIlrath, T.J., Tomkins, F.S., Kelleher, D.E.: Opt. Lett. 4 (1979) 360.
79Mit	Mitev, V.M., Pavlov, L.I., Stamenov, K.V.: Opt. Quantum Electron. 11 (1979) 229.
79Rei	Reintjes, J.: Opt. Lett. 4 (1979) 242.
80Din	Dinev, S.G., Marazov, O.R., Stamenov, K.V., Tomov, I.V.: Opt. Quantum Electron. 12
	(1980) 183.
80Eco	Economou, N.P., Freeman, R.R., Heritage, J.P., Liao, P.F.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 36 (1980)
	21.
80Egg	Egger, H., Hawkins, R.T., Bokor, J., Pummer, H., Rothschild, R., Rhodes, C.K.: Opt.
	Lett. 5 (1980) 282.
80Hei	Heinrich, J., Behmenburg, W.: Appl. Phys. 23 (1980) 333.
80Jun	Junginger, H., Puell, H.B., Scheingraber, H., Vidal, C.R.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
	16 (1980) 1132.
80Lan	Langer, H., Puell, H., Roehr, H.: Opt. Commun. 34 (1980) 137.
80Mah	Mahon, R., Mui Yiu, Y.: Opt. Lett. 5 (1980) 279.
80Pue	Puell, H., Scheingraber, H., Vidal, C.R.: Phys. Rev. A 22 (1980) 1165.

Landolt-B¨ornstein

New Series VIII/1A1

214	References for 4.2

80Rei	Reintjes, J.: Opt. Lett. 5 (1980) 342.
80Wal	Wallenstein, R.: Opt. Commun. 33 (1980) 119.
81Bat	Batishche, S.A., Burakov, V.S., Kostenich, Yu.V., Mostovnikov, A.V., Naumenkov,
	P.A., Tarasenko, N.V., Gladushchak, V.I., Moshkalev, S.A., Razdobarin, G.T., Semenov,
	V.V., Shreider, E.Ya.: Opt. Commun. 38 (1981) 71.
81Bok	Bokor, J., Freeman, R.R., Panock, R.L., White, J.C.: Opt. Lett. 6 (1981) 182.
81Car	Caro, R.G., Costela, A., Webb, C.E.: Opt. Lett. 6 (1981) 464.
81Egg	Egger, H., Srinivasan, T., Hohla, K., Scheingraber, H., Vidal, C.R., Pummer, H.,
	Rhodes, C.K.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 39 (1981) 37.
81Hil	Hilbig, R., Wallenstein, R.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17 (1981) 1566.
81Rei	Reintjes, J., Tankersley, L.L., Christensen, R.: Opt. Commun. 39 (1981) 334.
81Tom	Tomkins, F.S., Mahon, R.: Opt. Lett. 6 (1981) 179.
81Zap	Zapka, W., Cotter, D., Brackmann, U.: Opt. Commun. 36 (1981) 79.
82Gan	Ganeev, R.A., Kulagin, I.A., Usmanov, T., Khudalberganov, S.T.: Sov. J. Quantum
	Electron. (English Transl.) 12 (1982) 1637.
82Hag	Hager, J., Wallace, S.C.: Chem. Phys. Lett. 90 (1982) 472.
82Hil	Hilbig, R., Wallenstein, R.: Appl. Opt. 21 (1982) 913.
82Jam	Jamroz, W., La Rocque, P.E., Stoiche , B.P.: Opt. Lett. 7 (1982) 617.
82Mah	Mahon, R., Tomkins, F.S.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18 (1982) 913.
82Mil	Miller, J.C., Compton, R.N.: Phys. Rev. A 25 (1982) 2056.
82Mui	Mui Yiu, Y., Bonin, K.D., McIlrath, T.J.: Opt. Lett. 7 (1982) 268.
82Pum	Pummer, H., Srinivasan, T., Egger, H., Boyer, K., Luk, T.S., Rhodes, C.K.: Opt. Lett.
	7 (1982) 93.
82Tom	Tomkins, F.S., Mahon, R.: Opt. Lett. 7 (1982) 304.
83Bok	Bokor, J., Bucksbaum, P.H., Freeman, R.R.: Opt. Lett. 8 (1983) 217.
83Dim	Dimov, S.S., Pavlov, L.I., Stamenov, K.V., Heller, Yu.I., Popov, A.K.: Appl. Phys. B
	30 (1983) 35.
83Hil1	Hilbig, R., Wallenstein, R.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19 (1983) 194.
83Hil2	Hilbig, R., Wallenstein, R.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19 (1983) 1759.
83Hil3	Hilbig, R., Wallenstein, R.: Opt. Commun. 44 (1983) 283.
83Hut	Hutchinson, M.H.R., Thomas, K.J.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19 (1983) 1823.
83Kun	Kung, A.H.: Opt. Lett. 8 (1983) 24.
83Mar	Marinero, E.E., Rettner, C.T., Zare, R.N.: Chem. Phys. Lett. 95 (1983) 486.
83Tim	Timmermann, A., Wallenstein, R.: Opt. Lett. 8 (1983) 517.
83Val	Vall´ee, F., DeRougement, F., Lukasik, J.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19 (1983) 131.
84Bol	Bolotskikh, L.T., Yysotin, A.L., Tkhek-de, Im., Podavalova, O.P., Popov, A.K.: Appl.
	Phys. B 35 (1984) 249.
84Hil	Hilbig, R., Lago, A., Wallenstein, R.: Opt. Commun. 49 (1984) 297.
84Miy	Miyazaki, K., Sakai, H., Sato, T.: Opt. Lett. 9 (1984) 457.
85Bon	Bonin, K.D., McIlrath, T.J.: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2 (1985) 527.
85Car	Caro, R.G., Costela, A., Smith, N.P., Webb, C.E.: J. Phys. D 18 (1985) 1291.
85Her	Herman, P.R., Stoiche , B.P.: Opt. Lett. 10 (1985) 502.
85Hut	Hutchinson, M.H.R., Manning, R.J.: Opt. Commun. 55 (1985) 55.
85Leb	Lebedev, V.V., Plyasulya, V.M., Troshin, B.I., Chebotaev, V.P.: Kvantovaya Elektron.
	(Moscow) 12 (1985) 866.

Landolt-B¨ornstein

New Series VIII/1A1

	References for 4.2	215

86Hil1	Hilbig, R., Hilber, G., Lago, A., Wallenstein, R.: Comments At. Mol. Phys. 18 (1986)
	157.
86Hil2	Hilbig, R., Hilber, G., Wallenstein, R.: Appl. Phys. B 41 (1986) 225.
86Miy	Miyazaki, K., Sakai, H., Sato, T.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22 (1986) 2266.
87Bet	Bethune, D.S., Rettner, C.T.: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23 (1987) 1348.
87Hil	Hilber, G., Lago, A., Wallenstein, R.: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4 (1987) 1753.
87Pag	Page, R.H., Larkin, R.J., Kung, A.H., Shen, Y.R., Lee, Y.T.: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58
	(1987) 1616.
87Vid	Vidal, C.R.: Four-wave frequency mixing in gases, in: Tunable lasers, Mollenauer, L.F.,
	White, J.C. (eds.), Topics in applied physics, Vol. 59, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987,
	p. 57–113.
88Sch	Schnitzer, A.M., Behmenburg, W.: Z. Phys. D 8 (1988) 141.
89Cro	Cromwell, E., Trickl, T., Lee, Y.T., Kung, A.H.: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60 (1989) 2888.
89Miy	Miyazaki, K., Sakai, H., Sato, T.: Appl. Opt. 28 (1989) 699.
90Mar	Marangos, J.P., Shen, N., Ma, H., Hutchinson, M.H.R., Connerade, J.P.: J. Opt. Soc.
	Am. B 7 (1990) 1254.
90Nol1	Nolting, J., Kunze, H.J., Schuetz, I., Wallenstein, R.: Appl. Phys. B 50 (1990) 331.
90Nol2	Nolting, J., Wallenstein, R.: Opt. Commun. 79 (1990) 437.
96Ste	Ste es, B., Xinghua Li, Mellinger, A., Vidal, C.R.: Appl. Phys. B 62 (1996) 87.
96Vid	Vidal, C.R.: Vapor cells and heat pipes – experimental methods in the physical sciences,
	Vol. 29B: Atomic and molecular and optical physics, atoms and molecules, Dunning,
	F.B., Hulet, R. (eds.), New York: Academic, 1996, p. 67–83.

Landolt-B¨ornstein

New Series VIII/1A1

Ref. p. 232]	4.3 Stimulated scattering	217

4.3Stimulated scattering

A. Laubereau

4.3.1 Introduction

The ﬁrst example of stimulated scattering was incidentally discovered in 1962 as a “new laser line in the emission of a ruby laser” [62Woo]. The phenomenon occurred when the laser was equipped with a nitrobenzene cell for Q-switching operation. The emitted frequency component was identiﬁed as an amazingly intense Raman line [62Eck] due to stimulated Raman scattering predicted theoretically in 1931 [31Goe]. Hundreds of papers appeared since then on the novel phenomenon. Compared to the wealth of experimental evidence full quantitative information about the individual scattering processes however is rather scarce since many publications conﬁne themselves to reported frequency shifts. A quantitative analysis is also often impeded by competing nonlinear e ects and by the not too well known properties of the applied laser pulses. Three cases were investigated in detail: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), and stimulated Rayleigh scattering.

This chapter, Chap. 4.3, follows the discussions given by Maier and Kaiser [72Mai], by Maier [76Mai], and by Penzkofer et al. [79Pen]. Circular frequencies are denoted in the following by ωi while the corresponding frequency values are represented by νi = ωi/2 π . The term “circular” is often omitted in context with the ωi’s.

4.3.1.1 Spontaneous scattering processes

Fluctuations of the molecular polarizability and of the number density of atoms or molecules give rise to various scattering processes when light passes a transparent medium. The scattering is characterized by the frequency νsc of the scattered light relative to the incident laser frequency νL , the linewidth δν , its polarization properties, and the scattering intensity. Here we introduce the scattering cross section dσ/dΩ relating the power Psc of the light scattered into a solid angle ∆Ω to the incident laser power PL :

dσ
Psc = N dΩ	PL ∆Ω	(4.3.1)

with number density N of the (quasi-)particles generating the scattering. The interaction length is denoted by . dσ/dΩ is the di erential cross section with respect to solid angle but integrated over the spectral lineshape. The spectrum of four scattering processes is depicted schematically in Fig. 4.3.1a. Two unshifted components are indicated: the narrow Rayleigh line scattered from nonpropagating entropy (temperature) ﬂuctuations and the broader Rayleigh-wing line due to orientation ﬂuctuations of anisotropic molecules. The lines are accompanied by the Brillouin doublet representing scattering from propagating isentropic density ﬂuctuations. In the quantum-mechanical approach the Brillouin lines are related to the annihilation (frequency up-shifted anti-Stokes component) and creation (down-shifted Stokes line) of acoustic phonons with conservation of quantum energy and (pseudo-)momentum:

Landolt-B¨ornstein

New Series VIII/1A1

218	4.3.1 Introduction	[Ref. p. 232

			Rayleigh
	I		Brillouin	Brillouin
	intensity		Brillouin	Brillouin
	intensity		Stokes	Anti - Stokes
			Stokes	Anti - Stokes
	Scattering	Raman			Raman
		Raman			Raman
a	g
a


	factor
	factor
	Gain
				L
b
b			Frequency

h νL = h νsc ± h νo ,

kL = ksc ± ko

Fig. 4.3.1. (a) Schematic of the spectral intensity distribution of spontaneous light scattering in condensed matter with unshifted Rayleigh and Rayleigh-wing lines (quasi-elastic scattering) as well as Stokesand anti-Stokes-shifted Brillouin and Raman lines (inelastic light scattering). (b) Frequency dependence of the corresponding gain factors of stimulated scattering (see text).

(4.3.2)

(4.3.3)

with Planck’s constant h and wavevector k, = h/2 π . Subscript “o” refers to the material excitation, i.e. acoustic phonons. The positive sign in (4.3.2) and (4.3.3) corresponds to the Stokes process (sc = S), while the negative sign applies for anti-Stokes scattering (sc = A). Due to the dispersion relation of acoustic phonons (phase velocity v of sound waves) the frequency shift is given by

νo = 2 π = 2 v		c	sin		2	.	(4.3.4)
	vko	νLn			θ

Here c/n denotes the speed of light in the medium; θ is the scattering angle between wave vectors

kL and ksc (ksc kL , since νo νL ). Equation (4.3.4) refers to isotropic media, e.g. gases and

liquids. For anisotropic solids three Brillouin doublets occur in the general case and (4.3.4) has to be modiﬁed according to the considered transverse or longitudinal acoustic phonon branch and the respective orientation-dependent sound velocity in the crystal. As a consequence of (4.3.3), ko ≤ 2 kL , so that only acoustic phonons close to the center of the ﬁrst Brillouin zone are involved (note kL 105 cm−1 ).

Figure 4.3.1a also schematically shows the Stokes and anti-Stokes line of Raman scattering o a molecular vibration or o an optical phonon branch, displaying a larger frequency shift. As before, only phonons of relatively small ko are involved. Polyatomic molecules display a variety of such vibrational Raman lines. In gases many vibration-rotation Raman lines occur in addition and also rotational lines with small frequency shifts. In ionic crystals the relevant material excitation is of mixed phonon-photon character and termed polariton. Since the excited states of molecular vibrations and optical phonons are weakly populated, the anti-Stokes line intensity is also small compared to the corresponding Stokes line.

A further unshifted scattering component in liquids, the Mountain line [76Ber], is only mentioned here since it was not yet observed in stimulated scattering because of its weakness and broad width. Typical values for the frequency shift νo/c and the linewidth δν/c (FWHM) in wavenumber units of the various processes are given in Tables 4.3.1–4.3.5. Some scattering cross sections for the Raman interaction are listed in Table 4.3.2. The scattered light intensity is small. Even for the large

Landolt-B¨ornstein

New Series VIII/1A1

Источник: https://files.student-it.ru/previewfile/280942

Смотрите также:




_1966(~1
_files_materials_5053_prog.ntr
_Антонян Ю.М., Сексуальные преступления. Чикатило и другие
_РГР № 1 (2)
- Габариты и масса 27
!Фармакология препаратов для терапии заболеваний дыхательных путей
'Образ–Я' и его развитие средствами диалога

Материал: Weber H., Herziger G., Poprawe R. (eds.) Laser Fundamentals. Part 1 (Springer 2005)(263s) PEo

4.3 Stimulated scattering

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.1.1 Spontaneous scattering processes

Смотрите также: