Слова синонимы: great, knowledge, present, large, sewers, development, cleaning, occurred, examination, operation, complete, capital, demands, question, considerable, related, cleanliness, contamination is, areas, quick, pollution, means, applying.
VII. Расположите следующие предложения согласно последовательно-
сти изложения в тексте:
1.The progress of sanitation in London looks place in the 19th century.
2.Man built sewers in ancient times.
3.The problem of good sanitation is connected with the purity of natural water reservoirs.
4.Progress in sanitation in the continent started in 1842.
5.Hundreds of streets in London had no sewers.
6.Hamburg had a sewerage system.
7.Great underground drains were built in ancient Rome.
VIII. Восстановите по памяти в каком контексте упоминаются сле-
дующие английские словосочетания:
1.…the source of pollution lies in…
2.…in 1842…
3.…thousands of houses have no drainage…
IX. Переведите следующие предложения с эмфатическим оборотом it is…that – именно.
Образец: It is this place that was chosen to build a new town – Именно это место было выбрано для строительства нового города.
1. It is the dual use of water in nature and industrial building that establishes most impelling reasons for water sanitation.
2. It was in 1935 when the first Metro station was built in Moscow. 3. It is he who always comes first to the Institute.
4. It was in 1961 when Jury Gagarin flew into outer space. 5. It will be the text that we are to translate at home.
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6. It is the problem of energy sources that the world is facing at the present day. 7. It was my brother who helped me at that time.
8. It is this problem that is to be solved.
X. Расположите следующие предложения согласно последовательности изложения в тексте:
1. The progress of sanitation in London did not keep pace with the growth and development of the city. 2. Man built sewers in ancient times. 3. The first steps to study sanitary condition in London were made in the first half of the 19th century. 4. Public health depends to a large extent on good sanitary condition in a community. 5. Rapid industrialization calls for new, more elaborate water treatment methods. 6. The problem of good sanitation and that of protecting the purity of natural water reservoirs are mutually dependent. 7. Progress in sanitation in the European continent started only as late as the second half of the 19th century. 8. Industry causes the worst water pollution. 9. Today rivers, lakes and ground-waters contain considerable amounts of the products of mechanical, chemical and biological pollution. 10. Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly. 11. The lack of an adequate survey of the capital made planning and execution of sewerage work impossible.
XI. Ответьте на вопросы:
1.When has man’s sewerage practice been known from?
2.What drains have been described?
3.When did the progress of sanitation in London take place?
4.What elevation were the sewers in adjoining streets?
5.Who made a comprehensive study of metropolitan sewerage needs?
6.Where did a marked progress in sewerage begin in 1842?
7.What is the problem of good sanitation closely connected with?
8.Where is the source of pollution?
9.What do we need?
XII. Расскажитеобисторииканализации,используя следующие словаи выражения:
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Sewerage practice, underground drains, progress of sanitation, of different elevation, a marked progress, is connected, the source of pollution, new ways of.
Тема 3. Energy and Its Sources
I. Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следую-
щие английские:
Serious, problem, potential, energy, transportation, technological, industrialization, to classify, material, million, to associate, natural, gas. result, resources, reserves, popular, form, generator, logical, alternative, electricity, efficiency, finally, reaction, reservoir, turbine, standard, total, period, to utilize, solar.
II. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
To meet the needs (demands), standard of living, according to, raw materials, natural resources, long-range (long-term), demands, so-called, of plant and animal origin, at such a rate, nuclear energy, nuclear reaction.
III.Выучите слова к теме Energy and Its Sources: to face – стоять перед
deposited – отложенный shortage = lack – недостаток fossil fuel – ископаемое топливо to consume – потреблять
generation – выработка, производство, поколение amount = quantity – количество
extraction – извлечение, добыча
to relate – иметь отношение, связывать solution – решение, раствор
origin – происхождение
IV. Прочитайте и переведите тему
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Energy and Its Sources
1.The world is facing a serious problem of potential shortage of energy, which is extremely important to meeting all man's physical needs-clothing, shelter, transportation, convenience, recreation, etc.
2.The consumption of energy is expected to grow. The amount of energy consumed by a country is closely connected with its degree of technological development and industrialization, which are in turn related to the people's standard of living.
3.Energy can be classified according to its sources. The principal materials for obtaining energy are of plant and animal origin: coal, oil, and natural gas. These "fossil fuels" are extremely useful raw materials because of the conveniently stored chemical energy. But when they are burned for fuel, harmful pollution may result and there is a great waste of natural resources.
4.Wood was the main source a hundred years ago. The growth of coal usage in the early 1900s is associated with rapidly increasing industrial development. There followed a great expansion in the consumption of natural gas and fuel oil for heating, electrical generation and especially transportation.
5.The reserves of popular energy sources as natural gas and oil are not expected to meet the long-term demands. Natural gas is a popular source of energy because of its convenience for use and cleanliness in burning. It is generally believed that gas will be the first fossil fuel to be in short supply, and the cost of oil extraction is high.
6.To these sources we can add the energy obtained from water motion and the sun. Hydroelectric power is available when a stream can be dammed to form a large reservoir, permitting falling water to turn a hydraulic turbine connected to an electric generator. This source cannot meet the total need in power.
Solar power is often mentioned as the logical alternative. The amount of radiant energy that reaches the earth’s surface is more than what is needed. For the generation of electricity, there are serious problems to be solved. To collect and concentrate the energy by reflectors and converters of present efficiency is the ma-
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jor difficulty. There remain many technological problems in this area.
7.Man is consuming the remaining resources at a rate that they may last only a few centuries. This may seem to be a long time in the life of a single generation, but in man's history it is only a short period. If the world is to solve the longrange energy problem, it must look for and use all available practical sources economically. Efforts to eliminate the extravagant waste of energy are needed at the same time.
8.Several conclusions can be made: research and development work to find new sources of energy and ways of increasing efficiency are needed; the new sources of fuels must be fully developed and utilized. And we must give a serious consideration to nuclear energy, i.e. the energy from nuclear reactions, the burning of nuclear fuel.
V. Определите значение данных слов, употребленных в тексте:
1.to face (1) – смотреть в лицо, облицовывать, стоять перед; 2. in turn
(2)– пo очереди, в свою очередь, со своей стороны; 3. generation (4) – поко-
ление, производство, образование, добыча; 4. development (8) – развитие, за-
стройка, расширение, рост; 5. oil (3) – масло, нефть; 6. power (6) – мощь, сила,
энергия, власть, держава; 7. plant – установка, завод, растение; 8. wood (4) –
дерево, лес, дрова; 9. waste (3) – отбросы, бесполезная трата, растрачивание;
10. origin (3) – источник, происхождение, начало.
VI. Найдите слово, от которого были образованы следующие слова: a) Образец: consumption – to consume.
Connection, industrialization, classification, pollution, expansion, generation, extraction, elimination, conclusion, consideration, transportation, collection.
b) Образец: development – to develop.
Agreement, disagreement, payment, basement, requirement, treatment, improvement, statement, employment, management, replacement, government.
VII. Найдите русские эквиваленты следующим английским словам :
1) problem, 2) to meet, 3) clothing, 4) consumption, 5) to grow, 6) closely,
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