16
The last part/passage informs us about …
Text 7.
FORESTS OF EUROPE
NORWAY
In Europe without the Russian territory today timber exporters are : Norway, Finland and Sweden.
In Norway forests cover one quarter of the total surface of the country. Once the country exported its forest wealth in the form of logs, later on – as sawn goods and planed timbers, now – mainly as pulp and paper.
The principal tree tree species in Norway are spruce, pine and birch. In the southern parts of Norway we also find, in small quantities, several valuable species, demanding a certain minimum of average temperature, such as oak, beech, ash – (tree), alder, maple, lime and yew. Over the whole forest area, in mixed stands, a number of other species, such as willow and aspen, willow and juniper are to be found.
More than 70 per cent of the Norwegian productive area belong to private owners, and a major part of this area is utilized in combination with farming.
At the beginning of the century, and especially during World War 2 the condition of Norwegian forests began to alarm most farsighted foresters, as the long periods of harvesting policies with little or none reforestation practices had led to a condition of serious unbalance. So, in1919 a survey of Norwegian forests was done, in which the volume of the forest was calculated. Modern forestry has set itself a task of great afforestation works, especially in the western and northern parts of the country.
Mind the vocabulary:
Yew - тис
Juniper – можжевельник
Tasks:
1. Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.
17
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written
form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4. Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions: What is the text about?
What does passage 1 speak about?
How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
The text is about/the text speaks about …
First, we can read/learn about …
The next part/passage describes …
The last part/passage informs us about …
Text 8.
FORESTS OF ASIA
CHINA
Asia excluding Russia, should be discussed in two sections, one covering the region of East Asia, including China, Korea and Japan, the other covering South Asia and including the Philippines, Indonesia and India.
The forest of East Asia, though the subregions vary widely in type, are mainly situated in temperate or cool zones and hence do not differ in principle from the American or European forests. The forests of Southern Asia, on the other hand, are mainly of tropical type, more similar to those of Africa and South America.
18
China, once well – covered with forests, has now five or six thousand years of destructive action of man, a forested area covering only 9 per cent of the country. There still constitutes a considerable forest area, of which three quarters is productive forest land. Half of this is covered by coniferous forests, mainly concentrated in the north-eastern part of the country. The South, South – West and central region contain a considerable part of hardwood forests.
There are three main forest zones in China, namely the subtropical, the warm – temperate and cool – temperate. In the subtropical zone evergreen broadleaf trees, such as several species of oak, occur together with palms, tree ferns and bamboos.
The warm – temperate zone includes the rest of china south provinces along the Yagtz river. Its forests contain deciduous broadleaf species such as oak, maple, poplar, and even some conifers, such as pine.
Mind the vocabulary:
Hardwood - твердодревесный
Bamboos - бамбук
Palm – пальма, пальмовое дерево
Tasks:
1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written
form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
What is the text about?
What does passage 1 speak about?
How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
19
Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
The text is about/the text speaks about …
First, we can read/learn about …
The next part/passage describes …
The last part/passage informs us about …
Text 9.
FORESTS OF EUROPE
FINLAND, SWEDEN, DENMARK
In Europe without the Russian territory today timber exporters are: Norway, Finland and Sweden.
In Finland pine is the dominant tree species. Birch grows extensively, but from the point of view of industry it is of less value because at present only special grades of paper are made from. It is used, however, as raw material for plywood and veneer industry and as fuelwood.
Today about 70 per cent of the whole area of Finland is covered with forests. The greater part of te forests is privately owned, mainly by farmers. Some 30 per cent is state owned, the rest is divided between companies.
In Sweden the treе species are very much the same as in Finland and Norway. The threе countries: Sweden, Norway and Finland make an important wood producing part on the european continent, with advanced lumber and pulp industries.
Southern Sweden and Denmark have a milder climate and form a transition to the Western region of Europe, which is poorly forested with valuable softwood species.
Mind the vocabulary:
Plywood - (клееная) фанера
veneer industry - шпон, однослойная фанера
20
softwood – мягкодревесный
Tasks:
1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written
form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4. Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions: What is the text about?
What does passage 1 speak about?
How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
The text is about/the text speaks about …
First, we can read/learn about …
The next part/passage describes …
The last part/passage informs us about …
Text 10.
PLANTING A TREE.
Trees in your backyard can be home to many different types of wildlife. Trees also can reduce your heating & cooling costs, help clean the air, add beauty & color, provide shelter from the wind & the sun, & add value to your home.