Материал: 4892

61

1. Match the words or phrases on the left with the definitions on the right.

62

2. Find the words in the text meaning the following:

Point of sale; agent, dealer; to improve; considerably, evidently; to change, to diversify; knowledge, proficiency; lawmaking; accepted, common; limits; display

3. Comprehension/interpretation:

1. What are the types of channel of distribution?

2. What is one of the fundamental issues of distribution planning? 3. What are the alternative physical channels of distribution?

4. What makes channel objectives differ from one company to another? 5. What factors can influence on characteristics of the channel?

4. Give explanations to the following.

Physical distribution channel Trading (transaction) channel

Manufacturer via manufacturer's distribution operation to retail store Manufacturer via retailer distribution centre to retail store Manufacturer to wholesaler to retail shop

Manufacturer to cash-and-carry wholesaler to retail shop Manufacturer via third-party distribution service to retail shop

63

Mail order

Factory to factory/business to business

5.Fill in the gaps with missing prepositions.

1.The trading channel, however, is concerned ____ the non-physical aspects ___

this transfer.

2.There are several alternative physical channels ___ distribution that can be used, and a combination ____ these maybe incorporated _____a channel structure.

3.The products are trunked (line-hauled) ___ large vehicles ___ the sites, where they are stored and then broken _____ ____ individual orders that are delivered to retail stores ___ the supplier's retail delivery vehicles.

4.They were generally begun ____ the basis ____securing a price advantage ____

buying ____ bulk _____ manufacturers or suppliers.

5.These are usually built _______ a wholesale organization and consist ___ small independent shops collecting their orders ____ regional wholesalers.

6.A broker is similar ____ a wholesaler ____ that it acts as intermediary ________

manufacturer and retailer.

7.Goods are ordered ____ catalogue, and delivered ____ the home ____ post or parcels carrier.

8.There would be no point ____ distributing this product _______ a small selfservice store where no facilities can be provided ____ a demonstration.

6.Complete the following passage with the correct form of the words below.

The most common channel decision for those operating in physical distribution is whether to use a third-party distribution or logistics service, or whether to run an 1)_______ (in-house) distribution operation. Third-party logistics has been an important 2)_______ in the UK for many years. Across most of continental Europe and also North America, the use of third-party logistics 3)(_______) service providers has also grown significantly.

64

The own-account/third-party decision is rarely a straightforward one, especially as there are a number of different types of third-party 4)_________ operation available.

The main ones include the following:

•Dedicated (or exclusive) distribution operation. This is where a complete distribution operation is provided by 5)_________. The third party undertakes to provide the customer with all its distribution requirements, exclusively, on a national or regional 6)_______. The resources used will include warehouses, distribution centres, 7)_________, managers, etc. These are obviously 8)

_________ to very large companies. This type of service is very 9)________ in the UK and has now been developed across the rest of Europe and North America.

•Multi-user (or shared-user) distribution operation. Multi-user distribution operations are 10)_______ dedicated operations, the principal difference being that a small group of client companies is catered for, rather than just a single client. One of the 11) ________ of this type of service is that ideally the clients are all manufacturers or suppliers of goods and their products are all 12) ________ to the same or similar customers, for example grocery products to grocery stores, supermarkets, catering establishments, etc. These are also known as 13) _______

operations. The advantage of this approach is that expensive 14) ________ are shared between the clients, so all parties enjoy the benefits.

•Specialist distribution operation. These distribution operations are used for the 15) ________ and movement of products that require special facilities or services, and the distribution operation run by the third-party company is especially 16)

_________ to suit these needs.

•Regional multi-client distribution operation. These operations are provided for any 17) ________ of clients and for most product types. They are usually provided by a 'general' third-party distributor that has probably started as a very small operation and grown into a regional operation concentrated in a specific small 18)

______ area.

•National multi-client distribution operation. This category is very similar to the 19) ________ one, a service being provided for any number of clients and product types. The main difference 20) ________ to the size of the operation. This is nationwide, and would include a 21) ________ (line-haul) operation between the

65

companies' sites, so that if necessary a client company can have a delivery service to anywhere in the country.

•Satellite or cross-docking operation. These are operations where the 22)

_______ is not involved in the storage of any products, but is only providing a collect, 23) ________ and delivery service. Thus, no unordered 24) ______ are held, although some minor stock-holding may occur for a limited number of product lines.

•Joint venture. A limited number of operations have been set up whereby a thirdparty operator and a client company form a separate distribution company called a joint 25) _______. This may occur where a company with its own distribution operation has some 26) ________ resources. It will then 27) ________ up with a third-party operator and offer the services on a wider basis. This has occurred in the hanging goods and the high-tech sectors.

•International distribution operations. These may be dedicated but are most likely to be 28) ________, enabling a client to achieve international movements between sites and delivery to final customers over a broad international area. It is still very difficult in a European 29) ________ to find a single third-party operator that can provide such a universal service.

•Occasional use. Many companies use third-party services on an 30) _______

basis or as an aid to support their own-account operations. There are a number of reasons why a company might do this: to 31) ________ seasonal peaks in demand; to cover weekly demand peaks; for non-standard products that don't fit easily into their own operation (very small or very large products); to deliver to 32)

_________ geographic areas where there is only limited demand for their products; or for non-standard operations (returns, collections, etc).

7. Translate the following from Russian into English.

Штучные грузы могут быть классифицированы по следующим признакам:

по способам транспортировки (перевозимые в крытом и открытом подвижном составе); по назначению и отраслям народного хозяйства (металлы,

оборудование и приборы, электротехнические товары, бумага и целлюлоза, строительные материалы, каучук и резинотехнические изделия, пластмассы и химматериалы, тарные нефтепродукты, пенько-джутовые