11. Вставьте в предложения из текста пропущенные слова.
1. ... of early roads have been found which antedate recorded history. 2. The Romans bound their empire together with an extensive system of roads radiating in many ... from Rome. 3. First a trench was excavated to such a ... that the finished surface would be at ground level. 4. Both in France and in England the problem was chiefly to produce a road ... usable under all conditions of weather. 5. The Philadelphia-Candcaster Turnpike was a ... road 62 miles long, surfaced to a width of 24ft with hand-broken stone and gravel. 6. The United States turned to the countries of Europe for information of seeking knowledge on ...
methods.
12. Найдите 16 слов из текста.
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13. Заполните таблицу, используя информацию из текста «Early roads» (упр. 10).
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Особенности |
Дополнительная |
Дата |
Страна |
дорожного |
информация |
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строительства |
(имена, события) |
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14. Прочитайте текст о дорожной экономике и ответьте на вопросы.
What is the role of roads in society?
What economical benefit can they bring?
What aspects constitute highway construction cost?
HIGHWAY ECONOMY
Highways are constructed because they provide benefits to society as a whole or as individuals. Good transportation facilities raise the level of the entire economy by providing for ready transportation of goods; they are of assistance in problems of national defense; they make easier the provision of community services like police and fire protection, medical care, schooling, and delivery of the mails; they open added opportunities for recreation and travel.
Highways benefit the landowner because ready access makes his property more valuable. They benefit the motor-vehicle user through reduced cost of vehicle operation, savings in time, reduction in accidents, and increased comfort and ease of driving. On the other hand, road improvements take money that might be used for other productive purposes by individuals or by government. They can be justified only if the benefits exceed the costs entailed in providing them, including some allowance for return on the money invested.
The total cost of motor transportation is the essential consideration in longterm planning for highways. For many years attention was focused largely on the relative economy of various types of road surfacing, and later on the costs of motor-vehicle operation. The direction in highway economics includes the following: cost of motor-vehicle operation; cost of motor-fuel consumed, oil consumption, tire costs, vehicle repair and maintenance, depreciation, stopping and starting an automobile costs, accidents costs.
15. Расскажите о своей специальности (highway engineering, highway economy).
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V.2. BRIDGE ENGINEERING
1. Прочитайте и выучите.
clearance – габарит
truss bridge – мост со сквозными фермами reinforced concrete – железобетон approach – подъезд к мосту
arch bridge – арочный мост
rigid–frame bridge – однопролетный мост с жестким каркасом beam bridge – балочный мост
truss bridge – мост с фермами
arched cantilever bridge – арочный консольный мост concrete slab bridge – бетонный мост
leaf bridge – разводной мост lattice bridge – решетчатый мост suspension bridge – висячий мост
right-angle bridge – прямоугольный мост curvature – кривизна дороги
pier – бык (промежуточная опора моста) abutment – опора, береговой устой моста waterway – фарватер, водный путь
arched cantilever bridge – арочный консольный мост floor beam – поперечная балка мостового настила
concrete slab bridge – мост с проезжей частью из железобетонных плит double-deck bridge – двухъярусный мост
stone masonry bridge – каменный мост parkway – парковая дорога
span – пролет моста
open-deck bridge – мост с ездой поверху и понизу
Составьте 3 предложения с новыми словами.
2. Распределите слова в три столбика в зависимости от произношения окончания буквы «g».
[g] |
[dg] |
[–] |
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Bridge, general, grade, alignment, highway, engineer, aiming, design, rigid, carrying, stage, rightangle, large, opening.
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3.Ответьте на вопросы.
1.Why did you choose the profession of a bridge engineer?
2.Why is bridge engineering so popular nowadays?
3.What types of bridges do you know?
4.What are the most popular bridges in the world?
5.What building materials are used in construction of bridges today?
4.Прочитайте и переведите текст.
BRIDGE ENGINEERING
Bridge engineering is one of the oldest specialities of our academy. Highway bridge engineers use the same analytical tools as other structural engineers. Principal differences are in clearance and loading requirements.
Bridges consist of substructures of abutments and piers under superstructures carrying the roadway between these supports. Types of bridges include slab, truss, arch, and suspension bridges, each with a distinctive form of superstructure. Rigid frames are bridges in which the substructure and superstructure are rigidly joined. A further distinction is made in terms of materials, the most common of which are reinforced concrete, steel, and timber.
The important construction for the bridge structure is the approach alignment. Sometimes there may be sharp turns at the approaches because the most favourable bridge site was the sole criterion for the location. Today the general policy is to determine the proper highway location and require the bridge engineer to furnish structures for it. This of course results in more expensive crossings, for skew bridges cost more than rightangle ones, and the introduction of horizontal and vertical curvature into large bridges creates serious design and construction problems. However, the end result is a better roadway. When the approximate location is fixed, there must be a complete and extensive report and special survey for the site. It should include accurate data on the channel or waterway for all stages of water, the foundation conditions, and the stream character.
The form and proportion of the structures are varied considerably in different situations and are matters for cooperative determination. Arch and right-frame- type bridges with stone masonry walls have been commonly accepted on many parkways as appropriate for the short span over a highway and over small streams. The concrete iron bridge has also been popular along parkways, because of its lower costs. Today there is a tendency for highway bridgework to be a beam-type open-deck structure, supported by columns and with little emphasis on abutments.
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5.Замените русские слова английскими эквивалентами.
1.A combination of timber stringers with (деревянный или железобетонный настил) sometimes (применяется для пролетов) of less than about 20 ft. 2. (Пролеты) greatly in excess of 500 ft are generally (консольные мосты со сквозными фермами или висячие мосты). 3. For more important construction, location for the bridge structure itself becomes increasingly important and trends more and more to outweigh considerations of cost for the (конструкция подъезда к мосту). 4. (Косой) steel superstructure is generally slightly more expensive; owing to the cost of fabrication. 5. All undesirable features may be eliminated by the revised alinement without added (кривизна).
6.Where (быки моста) must be set into streams with erodible Beds, possible undermining by scour becomes a primary consideration. 7. (Быки и опора моста) can be increased in length and the wing walls on (опоры моста) will be longer on two corners. 8. A bridge structure should take advantage of any narrow neck or point of construction in (фарватер). 9. Graceful (арки) of steel or reinforced concrete may well be most appropriate from an aesthetic if not from a cost point of view. 10. The weight of (косая стальная конструкция) may also be greater, especially if the (поперечные балки) are parallel to the (быки моста).
6.Ответьте на вопросы.
1.What is the purpose of bridges?
2.What are the principal differences between bridges and other structures?
3.What are the structures of bridges in the simplest terms?
4.Why there may be sharp turns at the approaches?
5.What factor will determine the location of the bridges?
6.What should the bridge-survey report include?
7.How is the proper form of the bridge chosen?
8.What is the tendency for highway bridgework today?
9.What types of bridges must be bridges engineer acquainted with?
7.Прочитайте и озаглавьте текст, сделайте его реферирование.
Most bridge maintenance is of a specialized nature. At times cleaning, freezing, and painting bridge seats and rollers may be required. Deck joints may extrude or become filled with dirt so that their cleaning and resealing is necessary. On occasion vehicles out of control strike handrails or other appurtenances; and these must be repaired and straightened. If bridge decks become rough, resurfacing is in order. Remedial measures are sometimes required to correct serious scour around and under piers and abutments. It is
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