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2.According to paragraph 2, the environment involves the interplay of:

a.rainfall, temperature, light, water and wind;

b.chemical nutrients, pH, salinity and fire;

c.many physical and chemical, or abiotic factors.

3.The difference in response to environmental factors determines

a.which organisms do or don't survive;

b.which species may or may not occupy a given region;

c.the degree to which each is present or absent.

4.The Law of Limiting Factors includes

a.any factor that affects the organism;

b.the problem of "too little";

c.the problem of "too much".

5.In paragraph 5, the Law of Limiting Factors was first presented

a.in connection with the observations regarding the effects of chemical nutrients on plant growth;

b.by Justus von Liebig;

c.in 1840.

6.Liebig's Law of Minimums may be applied to

a.our agricultural crops;

b.biotic factors;

c.all abiotic factors.

7.In paragraph 6, each environment with the species it supports is

a.an ecotone;

b.an ecosystem;

c.a unique grouping of organisms.

8.Every ecosystem is interconnected with others through

a.certain bounds of limiting factors;

b.ecotones;

c.some species that cross from one system to another.

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9. Humans have changed and are continuing to change things on a very large scale (paragraph 7). What will these changes bring?

a.The extinction of thousands of species.

b.Manifold changes over most of the earth.

c.A sudden and catastrophic "collapse of the biosphere".

7.Составьте диалог по одной из тем.

1.What two "sides" are there in every ecosystem?

2.Describe abiotic factors.

3. Different species thrive under different conditions. How do you feel about it?

4.Define a fundamental biological principle.

5.What is the Law of Limiting Factors? How do you feel about it?

6.Explain how every ecosystem is interconnected with others.

7.Compare a major concern of many environmentalists and the conclusion of corncopians.

8.Расскажите о своей специальности (environmental engineering).

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PART VI

THE CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY

1. Ответьте на вопрос:

What activities is the term “civil engineering” usually applied to?

2. Прочитайте и выучите.

municipal – муниципальный, городской utility – коммунальный

prefabricated – сборный, готовый computed strength – расчетная прочность limited strength – предельное сопротивление bearing strength – прочность на смятие

bending strength, flexural strength – прочность на изгиб rupture strength, Tensile strength – сопротивление разрыву compressive strength – прочность на сжатие

frictional strength – сопротивление трению shear strength – сопротивление сдвигу shrinkage stress strength – усадочное напряжение torsional strength – сопротивление кручению

wraping stress strength – напряжение от коробления basement – основание

partition – перегородка sewerage – канализация insulation – изоляция superintendent – управляющий

Составьте 3 предложение с новыми словами.

3. Обратите внимание на произношение буквы “U” в различных буквосочетаниях.

[ju:] students, municipal, utility, computed, insulation, superintendent, manufacturing, universal, curriculum;

[u:] manufacturing, influence, solution;

[Λ] rupture, structures, construction, subject, study; [ə] faculty, structures, curriculum.

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4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

THE CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY

The students of this faculty are trained in six qualifications, among which are building and economical specialities. The former are Architectural Design, Industrial and Civil Engineering, Manufacturing of Building Structures. The latter are Municipal Construction Economy, Economy and Management of Construction and Real Estate Expertise. In fact, the faculty has already got the status of an institute.

The speciality of building engineer is the most universal and wide-spread. In order to be a competent specialist the students of the faculty study a number of specialized subjects: Building Materials, Geodesy, Geology, Soil Mechanics, Bases and Foundations, Theoretical Mechanics and Strength of Materials. The latter is one of the most important subjects, because it deals with different kinds of loads. A building engineer should take into account the loadings which influence the building; he should be able to calculate the computed and limited strength and stresses of a building. Here may be included: bearing, banding, rupture, compressive, flexural, frictional, shear, tensile, shrinkage, torsional and wrapping strength.

The students of the faculty study various structures and buildings, their parts and elements and also construction technology. The structures and buildings are usually built of concrete, steel and wood. A structure consists of a basement, walls, partitions, floors, ceilings and a roof. All this the students study by listening to courses of lectures, as well as having practice at construction sites, where they get practical experience. The students of the faculty also get acquainted with Architecture; they study the architectural styles and various architectural structures.

The construction of any building, house or office is connected with utilities, lightning, heating, ventilation, water supply and sewerage. Besides, the students of the faculty have lectures on Construction Physics which deals with acoustics, heat insulation and microclimate. A good building engineer should follow the appearance of new building materials and achievements of modern construction.

Specializations Municipal Construction Economy and Economy and Management in Construction have acquired more importance nowadays. They are connected with general concepts of economy and manufacturing, trade and service. Here the economists in the sphere of construction are trained. The qualifications deal with the management of the city economy, including the enterprises of utility service: bath-houses, restaurants, wash-houses and hairdressing saloons.

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The graduates of the faculty work on designing civil, industrial, and public buildings, at construction technology of the buildings, they work as building engineers, architects and managers.

5.Ответьте на вопросы.

1.What specializations are trained at the faculty?

2.What specialized subjects contribute to the training of building specialists?

3.What are the most commonly used building materials?

4.What elements does the house consist of?

5.What are the supplement facilities by constructing a building?

6.What can the graduates of the faculty work?

7.What are the main constituents of economy?

8.What is management level?

9.What departments have any modern enterprise?

10 What are the types of enterprises?

11 What is the managerial structure at the enterprises?

12.What is the most important function of a manager nowadays?

6.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму.

1.The Civil engineering faculty (to train) the students in three qualifications.

2.Three specializations (to give) the students of the faculty.

3.A great number of specialized subjects (to study) by the students of the faculty.

4.The students (to teach) to calculate the loads effecting the buildings.

5.All this (to constitute) such subjects as Building Mechanics and Strength of Materials.

6.Each building (to consist) of various parts.

7.The buildings can (to build) from various materials.

8.The students (to listen) to different courses of lectures.

9.A lot of general educational subjects (to include) in the curriculum of the faculty. 10. Various utilities (to foresee) by constructing any building.

11.The qualification of the manager (to meet) requirements of many enterprises.

12.The economy (to divide) into three main branches.

13.Management (to include) three levels.

14.At any modern enterprise (there be) a lot of departments.

15.Different enterprises may (to divide) into several types.

16.Decision making (to be) the most important function of a manager.

17.Decision making (to break down) into five components.

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