Материал: Том 1 №1

Submitted: 20 Feb.2020, accepted: 23 Mar.2020, published: 20 Apr.2020

Статьи

Трансформация права в контексте цифровизации: в поиске приоритетов

Э. Л.Сидоренко1,*,П.фонАркс2

1Московский государственныйинститутмеждународныхотношений (университет)МИД России 119454,Москва,просп.Вернадского,76,Россия

2ШвейцарскийфедеральныйтехнологическийинститутвЦюрихе, ОфисПрограммыОБСЕвБишкеке

720001,г.Бишкек,ул.Рыскулова,6, Кыргызстан

Аннотация

Предмет исследования — особенности правового регулирования цифровыхтехнологий и продуктов деятельности цифровыхтехнологий. Выбор даннойтемыб ыл предопределен активным развитием цифровых сервисов и цифровых финансовых активов и необходимостью адаптации современного законодательства под потребности цифровой экономики. Несмотря нато что на уровнемеждународных организаций прорабатываются несколько стратегий развития цифрового права, ни в теории, ни в практической деятельности нет единого понимания правовой природы цифровыхтехнологий и основ их правовогорегулирования.

С этих позиций целью настоящей статьи является осмысление системы и основных категорий цифровой экономики сквозь призму фундаментальных правовых институтов на основе как традиционных принциповнаучногоанализа,такирезультатовпримененияприкладныхметодовобработкиданных.

Используям етодыт еоретическогом оделирования, идеализации и мысленного эксперимента, авторы рассматривают категории правосубъектности, охраноспособности и деликтоспособности цифровыхтехнологий и продуктов, сравнивают их с близкими правовыми институтами и определяют возможные варианты интеграции новых правовых категорий в традиционные правовые институты договоров,

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The utilitarian approach

The utilitarian approach is characterized by sectoral international cooperation focused on particular issues. Under the lead of their member states and strict appliance to their mandates, internationalorganizationsaredevelopinglegalmechanismstominimizetherisksassociatedtotheuse of specific digital assets. This approach often reflects political approaches, where some states or groups of states play a leading role whereas others are excluded. The utilitarian approach is about interests.

For example, in its 2019 recommendations, the FATF calls on States to introduce legal regulations for crypto assets in order to prevent the laundering of criminal proceeds1.Thepositionthefinancial regulator holds is supported by the recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervisiononthepreventionofrisksofusingcryptoassetsbybanks.Specificrecommendationstodevelop legalregulationfornewdigitalpaymentservicesweremadebytheEuropeanUnion,whichadopted Open Banking Standard and Revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2), obliging banks to provide financialandtechnicalcompanieswithaccesstocustomerinformation2.

Speaking of technical regulations, it is necessary to mention the role of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For example, ISO is playing a role for defining an inter - national framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI). The ISO subcommittee “ISO/IEC JTC 1/ SC” has published 4 standards and plans to develop 12 subsequent standards for Artificial Intelligence; this subcommittee also prepared 21 standards for the Internet of Things and 38 standards for

Cloud Technology. ISO also adopted international standards for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in 2019. Earlier, in 2015, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the safe use of

Unmanned Aircraft Systems and stressed the importance of developing European framework legislation on the use of drones3.

There are also some examples of global attempts done by international organizations. For example, the OECD provides universal guidance on how to apply and transform the law with respect to ICOs4 andestablishesgeneralprinciplesfortheregulationofArtificialIntelligence5.Accordingtothe documents,thelegislationofindividualcountriesshouldreflectthefollowingprovisions:

1)  the focus of AI technology on inclusive growth, sustainable development and welfare;

2)  respect for the rule of law, human rights, democratic values and diversity, and strengthening the possibility of human intervention where necessary to ensure a just society;

3)  transparency and responsible disclosure regarding information about AI systems;

1FATF (2019, June). Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers. Paper presented at the meeting of FATF, Paris. www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/fatfrecommendations/documents/Guidance-RBA- virtual-assets.html

2Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. (2019). Designing a Prudential Treatment for Cryptoassets. https://www.bis. org/bcbs/publ/d490.pdf

3ISO (2019).Journey to a New Strategy. https://www.iso.org/annual-reports.html

4Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OECD). (2019, January). Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) for SME Financ- ing.https://www.oecd.org/fr/finances/initial-coin-offerings-for-sme-financing.htm

5Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OECD). (2019, March). Artificial Intelligence and Freedom of Expression. https://www.osce.org/representative-on-freedom-of-media/447829?download=true и Organization for

Security and Co-operation in Europe (OECD). (2019, May). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. https://www.fsmb.org/siteassets/artificial-intelligence/pdfs/oecd-recommendation-on-ai-en.pdf

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Digital Law Journal.Vol.1, No.1, 2020,p.24–38

ElinaL.Sidorenko,PierrevonArx/TransformationofLawintheContextofDigitalization

4)  forthereliabilityandsafetyoftechnology,continuousassessmentandminimizationofrisks;

5)  developers’ and users’ responsibility for the operation of digital technology6.

This approach was supported by the G20, which, in its ministerial declaration, established 5 principles for regulating AI, which are largely consistent with the OECD principles7.

The impetus for this elaboration of financial law was set by the European Commission, which prepared 30 recommendations for the development of law in the context of digitalization. The importance of adapting existing regulations to the introduction of new technologies was stressed, and acallwasmadetoovercomethefragmentationofthelawontheregulationoffintechandtoensure equal legal conditions for technology companies. Specific recommendations included: the importance of preserving personal and depersonalized data, ensuring the openness of systems, and compliancewiththeethicsofusingdigitaltechnologies.

The UN plays an active role in implementing the security agenda. The General Assembly Resolution called for ensuring information security and improving national legislation in response to the steady increase in digital crime. The report submitted to the 74th session of the UN General Assembly also deserves attention. It stresses the need for legislative mechanisms to contain the risksassociatedwiththemassuseofinexpensivesmartdevices,gapsininformationdecryption,etc.

It is important to emphasize that, according to experts, the priorities of law transformation include: involving technical experts in the legislative process, updating domestic legal acts on cybercrime, anddevelopinglegalmechanismstocontroltransnationalcrime.

The principles and provisions for transforming law contained in the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime are continued in directives and framework decisions of the European Union on the legal framework for the functioning of various segments of the digital economy. Most of the legal actsareaimedatregulatinglegalrelationsinthefieldofcivilandfinanciallaw,buttheirprovisions provide a basis for the adoption of criminal law rules, and significantly increase responsibility for criminaloffensesintheITsphere.

The methodological approach

The second approach considers creating a global and comprehensive model of legal regulation. Itisnecessarytounderstandwhatthefoundationsofdigitalizationare.Theglobalapproachallows the fundamentals of digitalization to be addressed by integrating essential dimensions such as the ethical, societal, technological and political aspects of digitalization. While the utilitarian approach is about developing numerous sectoral laws and strategies, the need to understand the status of digital technologies and its impact for the humankind remains. The methodological approach is about values and responsibilities; it implies a balancing act between rapid technological developments and the choice of a model of society. Thus, the law must prevail and the digital foundation shall be a legal one. There is a need to create coherent, global and comprehensive legal safeguards.

The precise way to solve international approach remains to be seen: either to use the traditional law

6Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OECD). (2019, June). OECD Principles on AI. https://www.oecd.org/ going-digital/ai/principles/

7G20. (2019, June 9). Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index. cfm?id=2027

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constructions, or the creation of a new legal order. The prevalence of the law for ensuring digital worldordershouldnotbeputintoquestion.

Inclusive growth and international cooperation in the sphere of the digital economy is essential.

It requires the development of a strategy dealing with digital law transformation, as well as the establishmentofmodelsaimingatpreventingdigitalizationrisks.

Currently, many challenges cannot be tackled due to the lack of an internationally recognized comprehensive legal framework. It is imperative to find answers to a number of strategic questions, such as the legal nature of new digital technologies and their products, the possibility of adapting traditional legal instruments to new legal phenomena, or the development of a unified approach to the legal regulation of the digital economy at the interstate level, amongst others. Unfortunately, theseissuesarenotcurrentlybeingaddressedeitherbythescientificcommunityorbyinternational organizations. In this regard, it is more urgent than ever to develop a single theoretical framework for digital legislation and choose a vector for its development. Future international and national legislations shall set legal guarantees for the development of digitalization and at the same time minimizesitsrisks.

Some international organizations are trying to apply a global methodological approach in line withtheircomprehensiveapproachtosecurity.Theimplementationofdigitaltechnologiescansolve many economic as well as social problems, and can be used as confidence-building tools between states.

The digital transformation has traditionally been discussed by the OSCE in a comprehensive manner. Within its politico-military dimension, the OSCE has developed the first set of confidence and security building measures between states in the cyber sphere. The digital economy became an important tool for cooperation among states, where economic cooperation and security are important elementforbuildingtrustandconfidence,thuspreventingconflicts,aswellasenhancingthewelfare of citizens. Digital economy has the potential to foster sustainable and inclusive economic growth anddevelopment,connectivity,transparency,andaccountability.

The protection of the private sphere is also a fundamental issue discussed within the human dimension and in a cross-dimensional manner at the OSCE. As part of its international activities, the organization encourages further research and discussion of end-to-end technologies; it also advocates the need to develop principles and recommendations that will maintain a balance between the security aspects of digitalization (such as controlling content leading to radicalization or criminalacts)andrespectfortheprivatesphereandpeople’sfreedomtocreatedigitalcontent.The OSCEMissioninBishkekhasdevelopedandlaunchedthefirstinthehistoryofCentralAsiaMaster’s

Program in Digital Jurisprudence, aimed at training specialists to ensure proper regulation of new digital technologies. The following specialists are being trained under this program: digital lawyers forstateandmunicipaladministration,digitallawyersforcorporations,anddigitalsecuritylawyers.

The current EU Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Agenda is built on five principles: readiness and prevention; detection and response; mitigation and recovery; international cooperation;andharmonizationandunificationoflegislationintheEUcountries.

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