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educational system is to blame for it. Alterations in the traditional Even consciousness began long before appearing of USSR. They began in the XVIII-th century during the Christianization of national minorities in Russian Empire. Evens for instance had become Christians by the beginning of the XIX-th century1. When they arrived in Kamchatka they were Orthodox Christians without exceptions. But frankly speaking the most crushing blow was hit in 1930-1960’s by the Soviet Cultural Revolution that had changed traditional Even consciousness radically. Only in 1960-1970’s began so called National Culture Renascence when a lot traditional crafts were renewed and many folklore ensembles appeared then.

Another disadvantage of general education for national minorities could be called the problem of the way of living. Having received school education many Even people usually want to get higher or vocational education or special education. Living in big cities they get used to it and after graduating from educational establishments they prefer to stay in the cities, they don’t want to come back. Another problem is the choice of a profession for youngsters because the traditional professions and occupations such as a reindeer-herder or a deerstalker or a hunter are not popular and prestigious among them. According to the author’s field materials got in 2007-2008 in Anavgay (the village in the Bystrinskiy district) the most popular professions and occupations are a worker of life-saving service, a singer or a dancer, a militiaman, an economist, a lawyer, less popular professions are a teacher, an interpreter. As you can see these professions are professions of social service and quantity of such vacancies in villages is limited, that’s why many young specialists have to stay in the cities of

Kamchatka or even in the cities of other regions if they want to find a job according to their profession.

As to professions and occupations that could be useful in Even villages they are a reindeer-herder or a deerstalker or a hunter or a fisherman or a traditional craftsman. Except their unpopularity it’s difficult to receive such education. For instance, there is the only technical school where one can receive the profession of a reindeer-herder in Kamchatka. It is situated in Palana (one of Kamchatkan villages) that is too far from the Bystinskiy District and it’s too difficult to get there from Anavgay and Esso (Even villages in the Bystrinskiy

District). And of course quantity of students is limited 15-20 persons per year. Thanks to

Soviet oppression of traditional culture a lot of “professional secrets” of reindeer-breeding that were taught from generation to generation are lost now. Another problem is the difference between Koryak and Even line of reindeer-herding. Koryak people breed reindeer for meat and skin and fell and transportation of weights in tundra, as to Even people they besides that use reindeer for riding (like a horse). That’s why there is a difference between

Koryak and Even methods of reindeer-breeding. Many ethnologists blame Soviet system of general and secular education for vanishing traditional knowledge and “professional secrets” in this field.

Except disadvantages general education for national minorities has many profits and gives a lot of opportunities for further education. Among the obvious advantages of such education is that pupils are taught according to State Educational Standard and have got a real chance to enter any higher or vocational educational establishment in our country. They can get any profession they want and change their social status2, their way of living if they want it so much. Many Evens graduated from the universities and technical schools, they became teachers, writers, and even scientists. But there is a backside of changing social status also. Nowadays psychologists and ethnologists are discussing the problem of cultural chock and

1Look for details Гурвич И. С. Этническая история Северо-востока Сибири. – М., 1966, -270 стр.; Эвены // Народы Сибири. – М., Л., 1956, - 1006 стр.; Коеркова А. Влияние православия на Камчатских эвенов.// сб. материалов V ежегодной научно-теоретической конференции «Человек в истории» 22-23 декабря 2005г.

вып. 4, Петропавловск-Камчатский, 2006.

2Гуревич П.С. Человек и культура: Основы культуроведения.- М., Дрофа, 1998, - 384стр.

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fearing of the future. These psychological problems lead to the destruction of human’s personality1. As to ethnofors (persons-carriers of traditional culture and knowledge) of vanishing traditional cultures they tend to be influenced by other cultures and circumstances. Changing of traditional way of living could be painful for them, but it is difficult for every person.

One more advantage of general education for national minorities is appearing of written language. Many ethnoses hadn’t got their own writing language and they had to hand down myths, folk songs, knowledge from one generation to another in oral form. Because of that many elements of traditional culture such as songs and myths, proverbs, fairy-tales, etc. were irretrievably lost. Appearing of writing language and local native-speaking intelligentsia helped to preserve unique cultural heritage (1960-1970’s could be called the time of flourishing ethnology and ethnography because of active collecting folk songs, dances, etc/ and active studying of different ethnoses). Based on Russian letter-system Even writing language is easy to learn one for Russian native-speakers2.

Obvious plus of general education is the acquirement of computer technologies that helps ethnofors living far from their native villages communicate with each other and their relatives and friends who are still living there. These ties help such people feel united with their ethnos and not to lose elements of their traditional culture. Nowadays secondary education is compulsory for every person living in Russian Federation3. That’s why general education could be called inevitable evil. Of course there should be ways of optimization educational process that will allow to preserve elements of traditional culture of national minorities and to receive education according to State Educational Standard.

These ways are (on author’s opinion):

-effective usage of regional component of secondary education (patriotic lessons, optional subjects and elective courses devoted to traditional culture, way of living, history of ethnos and local history),

-usage of ethos’s language at the patriotic lessons, optional subjects and elective courses to make it more actively used and more widely-spread among youngsters,

-further education (folk-dancing circles, folk-crafts circles, etc.),

-career-guidance (advertising professions that could be demanded at the villages where ethonofors live),

-popularization of the traditional way of living at schools and educational establishments, discussing its advantages and disadvantages.

There are a lot of training aids published by WWF, UNO, UNESKO and other international organizations and Soviet and Russian scientific-research institutions4 as well together with scientists who study ethnical cultures and their way of living. These training appliances are being created to save elements of unique vanishing traditional cultures (such

1Гуревич П.С. Человек и культура: Основы культуроведения.- М., Дрофа, 1998, - 384стр.; Иоффе А. Н. Методические материалы по гражданскому образованию «Книга ресурсов» Учебное пособие. - Москва:

ООО «Издательский дом «Новый учебник», 2003, 120стр.

2Роббек В.А. Словарь эвенско-русский и русско-эвенский: пособие для учащихся школ./Ленинград: издательство «Просвещение», 1988. – 263стр.

3«Закон Российской Федерации «Об образовании» (1992г. и в редакциях Федеральных законов 1996, 1997, 2000, 2005гг.)

4Национальные блюда народов Камчатки. Малая народная энциклопедия среды обитания и образа жизни аборигенов Камчатки и Командорских островов. - РИО КОТ, Петропавловск-Камчатский, 1993, - 47стр.; Программа и хрестоматия по развитию речи для эвенских дошкольных учреждений и для родителей, ведущих кочевой образ жизни: Пример. система методов обучения дошкольников родному языку./Магадан: Кн.изд-во, 1993. – 55стр. Текст рус.; Легенды и мифы Севера: Сборник /сост. В.М. Санги/ - М., Современник, 1985, - 355стр.; Баскин Л.М. Как пасти оленей. В помощь преподавателям средних школ Камчатки и Чукотки. - Петропавловск-Камчатский: Издательство «Камчатпресс», 2008, 56 стр. Черканов К. С. Эвенские сказки. - Петропавловск-Камчатский, Изд-во КамГУ, 2006, - 47 стр.

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as folk-songs, myths, fairy-tales, proverbs, riddles, jokes, etc.), and, of course, they could be used in the process of teaching at the ethnical villages. Thanks to appearing of the written languages a lot of dictionaries of the vanishing languages were published and many poems, novels and stories as well.

Tatiana Efremova,

5th year student, International Economic Relations Department, Far Eastern Institute of International Relations Scientific adviser: Elena N. Albey, Instructor

PREVENTING ALCOHOLISM, SMOKING, DRUG ABUSE

AMONG YOUTH IN AUSTRALIA

Alcoholism problem in Australia

One of essential problems of Australia is alcoholism among youth. On the statistician, in this country about half of children at the age from 11 till 18 years at least once, but tried in the lives alcohol. Nevertheless, despite appeals of local doctors to enter an interdiction for sale of alcohol about 21 years, the government has left restrictions on sale of alcohol since 18 years.

As the prime minister of Australia Kevin Radda marks, similar «draconian methods» are unfair in relation to youth. «As it is possible to forbid the 18-year-old person who is allocated by the right of a selective voice, drives the car and is obliged to pay taxes, to buy that he wants», – the prime minister explains. Thus he has added that government problems include propagation of a healthy way of life that the desire to buy hard liquor did not appear at rising generation, informed AMI-TASS.

Let's remind that else in the end of April the government has increased twice the duty by the low alcohol drinks known as "alko-pops". In a result, their cost has increased on 50 cents. However demand for these drinks among youth and has not fallen, but the federal treasury has replenished on 3,1 billion dollars Increase in the state gathering opposition names «a tax lawlessness», besides, teenagers should consume stronger alcohol, and it at all does not solve a problem of an alcoholism.

The way is found in Australia to kill bent for to alcohol. Scientists of the Melbourne Institute of a name of Howard Flori have spent a number of researches for creation of a preparation against alcoholic dependence - the problem decision consists in orexin to the brain system which blocking not only cleans desire to drink, but also does not suppose relapses.

Researchers led by Andrew Lawrence have developed the unique substance, allowing blocking euphoria effects orexin. The experiences spent on rats at which before it have developed alcoholic dependence (i.e. rats have made alcoholics), prove that the preparation can become an effective remedy in struggle against an alcoholism, its further studying however is necessary, after all while it is difficult to predict, as the medicine in a human body will lead.

But also at this stage doctor Andrew Lawrence heading group, already named results of research remarkable. "During one of experiments the rats that had an easy approach to alcohol, have stopped to drink it after reception orexin’s blocks".

According to Doctor Lawrence, at alcoholics also it is possible to prevent returning to alcohol. The rats who passed detoxication and have received a medicine, have not returned to the habit when "again have got to an environment, intended to cause in them associations with the alcohol use".

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He has informed: "Oreksin strengthens euphoria from the alcohol use. Therefore, if it will be possible to create a medicine blocking action orexin on the person we can suppress at alcoholics dependence on alcohol".

As he said, results of the given research also can be used for treatment of frustration of food behavior. The matter is that alcoholic dependence and frustration of food behavior are caused by operation of the identical mechanism in a brain.

Now scientists continue to make experiments on purpose to establish exact circumstances at which the system joins orexin’s. It will help them with medicine working out.

The alcoholism problem in Australia has reached national scale the Alcoholism in Australia expands to a problem of national scale, experts from the Australian national board on struggle against a narcotics and an alcoholism have declared.

According to the representative of Council Margaret Hamilton, passion to spirits is formed in families. According to the statistics data, on continent there is more than 450 thousand children live with parents-alcoholics. For this reason not less than 10 % of the Australian teenagers which have not reached majority, regularly take alcohol.

Hamilton considers that it is necessary to accept as soon as possible at the state level a number of extreme actions for the purpose of prevention of growth of an alcoholism which becomes already national trouble. As she said, the government has supported the offer on introduction of restriction on alcohol advertising that will allow though partially lowering high popularity of spirits.

Smoking

Representative research on a smoking problem is spent among the Sydney schoolboys (Australia, 1977). Among 12-year-old boys the non-smoking have made 87,1 %; 20 cigarettes and more in a week smoked 1,7 %, and among girls of the same age these indicators have made accordingly 95,4 and 0,5 %. With the years the share of smokers among schoolboys of both floors quickly increases. So, among 16-year-old boys the non-smoking made 61, 4 %, more than 20 cigarettes in a week smoked 25, 6 %, and among girls of the same age - accordingly 67,1 and 17,6 %.

Indirect methods of influence on smoking of teenagers: experience of Australia

In 1996 the Federal Minister of Health of Australia, doctor Michael Вулдридж, has appointed a small Ministerial Consultative group on Tobacco (MTAG) which included experts in the field of control researches over Tobacco, carrying out of campaigns and a policy in tobacco sphere. MTAG has received the order In partnership with the existing programs which are carried out on

To the state base to develop new and rather well financed Campaign which will approximately spend US$0.30 "additional" Money per capita during the 12-month's period. Strategic council MTAG to the minister consisted in concentrating on Smokers at the age from 18 till 40 years that is to conduct campaign the terminations, instead of campaign of prevention of smoking. Why? While Political parity of benefit and risk of the campaign obviously directed on Teenagers, the parity would be favorable for the Minister of Health, Benefit and risk in terms of efficiency for teenagers, possibly, it would be perfect other. Worse, than simply inefficient, teenage Campaigns bear high risk of unpleasant consequences ("Why carp to children when so many adults smoke? "," in your attempt to make "abrupt" Campaign to over persuade us, it is too much hypocrisy "). To honor the minister it is necessary to tell that it has accepted council to aim campaign at 32 % Smoking Australians at the age of 18-40 years. This strategy "the termination in First stage "subsequently has been confirmed on 10th World Conferences on Tobacco or Health in Beijing in the analysis of professor Richard Пето of that is the most perspective in the control over Tobacco.

It was thus accepted in attention that, on the ground that teenagers Want, that with them addressed, as with adults, they should react as adults on the campaigns addressed to the adult.

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It also has occurred in Course of this Australian National Campaign against Tobacco, in which course Comparable answers of persons 15-17-летнего age and 18-40-летнего have been collected Age. These answers force to assume that focused on Adults of campaign for the smoking termination have appeared more effective for Teenagers, than the campaign specifically aimed at them. In a year after the termination of the first intensive six-monthly wave of campaign There were проинтервьюировано 400 teenagers 14-17 summer age, that To estimate their reaction to campaign. Campaign has been based on the graphic Messages on effects for the health, intended for the termination Smoking among adult smokers. As a whole, teenagers considered Campaign as pertinent for them, pushing away teenagers from smoking and Forcing to perceive smoking as less "abrupt and desirable". They Also have informed that campaign was effective in, that acquaintances it Teenagers-smokers have stopped to smoke or have tried to make it. Though The estimation has been developed for measurement of changes in prevalence Smoking only in target group 18-40-летних, interrogation of teenagers shows, That the positive effect was observed also among youth.

Drugs

As to амфетаминов they are in great demand in Europe, especially to Czech and Poland, and also in Australia and the North America. ЛСД and other hallucinogens also are popular in Australia and the North America where them apply in 3-4 times more than in Europe. It concerns also cocaine which uses in 3 times a great demand in the USA, than in Europe. As to the heroin use, both in injections, and by means of smoking, this drug is much more popular in Europe, than in the North America, especially in the Eastern Europe. So, in Romania, Baltic and Russia heroin is the most popular drug among teenagers of 15-16 years. The great number of the young addicts, who take heroin, lives in Russia. Partly it is caused by the high prices for other strong drugs, for example, cocaine.

In conclusion, I should say that a lot of people suffer from such problems and they need our help. Everybody should understand that we need healthy generation in future and health in our modern life is very important.

Oksana Zhivilo,

5th year student, International Economic Relations Department, Far Eastern Institute of International Relations Scientific adviser: Elena N. Albey, Instructor

THE PROBLEM OF HOMELESSNESS IN RUSSIA

Annotation

In modern Russia’s society the problem of homeless children remains one of the most acute ones. Current situation on the level of the problem in Russia is being considered in the article with the analysis of existing ways to solve it on the state level. Reasons for inefficiency of current programs are revealed. As an alternative solution the author is offering to look at the experience of NGOs helping homeless children and orphans. Finally, the author provides her own vision of the situation with possible forecasts about its development.

Одна из самых животрепещущих проблем демократической России – беспризорность, которую породила крайняя бедность. Н. Крупская утверждала, что всему виной «разрушение общественных связей, вызванное войной и революцией». Ситуация с детской беспризорностью сегодня та же, что и после первой мировой войны и гражданской войны.