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other hand, it was found that working condition, including working hours and working at night, had little impact on smoking, drinking alcohol, and drug use. However, the type of job was significantly related to tobacco use (P<0.05) by binary analysis and multiple regression analysis. These findings suggest that employment of young adolescents in urban area of Thailand has an influence on smoking and drinking alcohol. Especially, working status probably affect smoking behavior among young adolescents in the urban area of Thailand.
Alcohol, Narcotics, and Tobacco in Japan
Alcohol is widely used in Japan. About 70% of all alcohol is consumed as beer, with the remainder used in the form of sake (rice wine), shochu, wine, fruit wines and spirits.
While most people who drink alcohol do so in moderation and without doing any damage to their health, a minority of alcohol users does get addicted. It is estimated that there are several million Japanese with a serious alcohol problem. The health damage from excessive alcohol use is largely ignored by Japanese society.
Russia Alcohol, Narcotics, and Tobacco
Russia's rate of alcohol consumption, traditionally among the highest in the world and rising significantly in the 1990s, is a major contributor to the country's health crisis, as well as to low job productivity. Rated as Russia's third most critical health problem after cardiovascular diseases and cancer, alcoholism has reached epidemic proportions, particularly among males. In the twentieth century, periodic government campaigns against alcohol consumption have resulted in thousands of deaths from the consumption of alcohol surrogates. The latest such campaign was undertaken from 1985 to 1988, during the regime of Mikhail S. Gorbachev (in office 1985-91).
Although some authorities credited reduced alcohol consumption with a concurrent drop in Russia's mortality rate, by 1987 the production of samogon (home-brewed liquor) had become a large-scale industry that provided alcohol to Russians while depriving the state of tax revenue. When restrictions were eased in 1988, alcohol consumption exceeded the pre1985 level. According to one study, between 1987 and 1992 annual per capita consumption rose from about eleven liters of pure alcohol to fourteen liters in 1992; current consumption is estimated at about fifteen liters. (According to World Health Organization standards, consumption of eight liters per year is likely to cause major medical problems.)
Why do you poison your life? Say drugs, alcohol and cigarettes do not!
References
1)http://otherreferats.allbest.ru/medicine/00008970_0.html
2)http://probio.io/ru/reference/smoke22/nikotin
3)http://revolution.allbest.ru/life/00060938_0.html
4)http://www.medicreferat.com.ru/pageid-1087-1.html
5)http://nodrugs.ksu.ru/tebe/book.html
6)http://59.ru/newsline/2009/06/04/
7)http://rumol.ru/news/3786.html
8)http://www.adme.ru/reklama_protiv_narkotikov/
9)http://www.adme.ru/social/2008/07/31/23481/
10)http://www.temadnya.ru/spravka/01dec2002/1940.html
11)http://russian.moscow.usembassy.gov/drug.html
12)http://www.un.org/russian/esa/social/drugs/narcotics.shtml
13)http://www.hippocrat.info/
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Natalia Tovmach,
5th year student, International Economic Relations Department, Far Eastern Institute of International Relations Scientific advisers: Elena N. Albey, Lydmila A. Fisyk, Instructors
CLIMATE CHANGE IN RUSSIA, CHINA AND AUSTRALIA
Climate change is the result of a great many factors including the dynamic processes of the Earth itself, external forces including variations in sunlight intensity, and more recently by human activities. External factors that can shape climate are often called climate forcing and include such processes as variations in solar radiation, deviations in the Earth's orbit, and the level of greenhouse gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate change feedbacks that will either amplify or diminish the initial forcing1.
The sun is the source of a large percentage of the heat energy input to the climate system. Lesser amounts of energy is provided by the gravitational pull of the Moon (manifested as tidal power), and geothermal energy. The energy output of the sun, which is converted to heat at the Earth's surface, is an integral part of the Earth's climate. Early in Earth's history, according to one theory, the sun was too cold to support liquid water at the Earth's surface, leading to what is known as the Faint young sun paradox. Over the coming millennia, the sun will continue to brighten and produce a correspondingly higher energy output; as it continues through what is known as its "main sequence", and the Earth's atmosphere will be affected accordingly2.
On a timescale often measured in decades or more, climate changes can also result from the interaction between the atmosphere and the oceans. Many climate fluctuations, including the El Niño Southern oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, the North Atlantic oscillation, and the Arctic oscillation, owe their existence at least in part to the different ways that heat may be stored in the oceans and also to the way it moves between various 'reservoirs'. On longer time scales (with a complete cycle often taking up to a thousand years to complete), ocean processes such as thermohaline circulation also play a key role in redistributing heat by carrying out a very slow and extremely deep movement of water, and the long-term redistribution of heat in the oceans3.
The most concern in anthropogenic factors is the increase in CO2 levels due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion, followed by aerosols (particulate matter in the atmosphere) and cement manufacture. Other factors, including land use, ozone depletion, animal agriculture and deforestation, are also of concern in the roles they play - both separately and in conjunction with other factors - in affecting climate4.
Analysis of ice in a core drilled from a permafrost area, such as the Antarctic, can be used to show a link between temperature and global sea level variations. The air trapped in bubbles in the ice can also reveal the CO2 variations of the atmosphere from the distant past, well before modern environmental influences. The study of these ice cores has been a significant indicator of the changes in CO2 over many millennia, and continues to provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions.
1Kolbert, E. (2006). Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change
2Willson, R.C., Hudson, H.S., The Sun's luminosity over a complete solar cycle, Nature, 351, 42 - 44 (1991)
3http://en.civilg8.ru/2239.php
4Montana State University (2008) Geologic Time and Glacial Cycles . Report.
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Scientists have managed to figure out a general, fairly detailed picture of the Earth's climate going back more than 100,000 years, before the beginning of the last ice age.
THE CAUSE: Global warming is "very likely" caused by man, the strongest conclusion to date.
THE OUTLOOK: Now that the world has begun to warm, hotter temperatures and rises in sea level "would continue for centuries" no matter how much humans control their pollution.
TEMPERATURE CHANGE: The panel predicted temperature rises of 2°F-11.5°F by the year 2100. That was a wider range than in the 2001 report. However, the panel also said its best estimate was for temperature rises of 3.2°F-7.1°F. In 2001, all the panel gave was a range of 2.5°F-10.4°F.
SEA LEVELS: The report projected rises of 7-23 inches by the end of the century. An additional 3.9-7.8 inches are possible if recent, surprising melting of polar ice sheets continues1.
HURRICANES: An increase in hurricane and tropical cyclone strength since 1970 "more likely than not" can be attributed to man-made global warming. The scientists said global warming's connection varies with storms in different parts of the world, but that the storms that strike the Americas are global warming-influenced.
Climate change in Russia
Consequences of the climate change affect people’s health in direct and indirect ways.
Direct effects are caused by floods, storms, typhoons, hurricanes. In Russia 1000 people per year die because of these reasons. Yakutia, Stavropol and Krasnodar regions, Primorie are the areas whose population suffered from most natural disasters these years. Within the first half of 2002, 200 people died in the floods. These extreme situations cause traumas, post traumatic stresses and other health problems and people’s deaths. There are also indirect consequences like the increase of the insects in the flooded areas, spreading the naturofocal disease areas, damages of the water and sewage systems which increase the risk of the intestinal infectious diseases.
The heat influence on people’s health can vary from North to South, as southern people are adapted to heat. The temperature above 29 C is taken as liminal for the northern territories. Even short term heat in the North of Russia can lead to the increase in the hospitalization cases due to the cardio-vascular diseases. The reason is a bad adaptability of the northern people to the high temperature effects (that’s why doctors do not recommend a short term holiday in the southern resorts.
The heat is especially dangerous in the cities. There is a description of a “heat islands” which are located in the centers of the cities with high administrative buildings, asphalt, with little open earth, water, and green plants. So the heat becomes a risk factor not only for the vulnerable groups of people, but also for the officials working at state establishments, banks and other offices, located in the center of the cities.
Climate change - pollution of the city atmospheric air health. High atmospheric temperature, increased precipitation and other phenomena contribute to the storage of the pollution in the atmospheric bottom layer. High temperatures increase the speed of its photochemical reactions, which produce new polluting chemicals that have evident toxic
1 Sea Level Change. 2009. Retrieved on 2009-02-1-10
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affects. The data given above illustrate the climate warming negative influence on the people’s health. The consequences are various1.
The Changing Climate in China
On the macro scale, China is suffering from two competing trends. The first is that fairly subtle shifts in the climate in China are having disproportionate results; the northwestern frontier of China has always been steppe and decertified. It's now expanding; satellite photos show that nearly 25% of China's land area is now deserting. China's hunger for lumber, both for products for export and local construction have caused the loss of nearly three fourths of the country's native forest cover. This has changed rainfall patterns (which increased the speed of the desert's advance), and, in concert with China's push for more hydroelectric power, has resulted in extensive flooding. These changes are even altering the glacial patterns in the Himalayas, which feed all of China's major river systems, and ripple affects are causing a loss of cropland and other changes.
The people are attempting to ameliorate the affects on the climate in China; a 600 billion dollar 'green stimulus' package is aimed at planting more of a green belt around China's cities, and an extensive program of building waste water treatment plants. China has enacted regulations requiring coal plants to meet emissions standards by 20122.
Climate change in Australia
All federal and state governments have explicitly recognized that climate change is being caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Sectors of the population are actively campaigning against new coal mines and coal fired power stations because of their concern about the affects of global warming on Australia while other groups are actively campaigning for coal fired power stations an increase in both number and output of coal mines. Other sectors of the population believe it is still too early to tell whether or not there has actually been human induced climate change and believe the naturally high variability of Australia's climate produces too much uncertainty to warrant panic.
Paleoclimatic records indicate that during glacial maxima Australia was extremely arid, with plant pollen fossils showing deserts extending as far as northern Tasmania and a vast area of less than 2 percent vegetation cover over all of South Australia and adjacent regions of other states. Forest cover was largely limited to sheltered areas of the east coast and the extreme southwest of Western Australia.
During these glacial maxima the climate was also much colder and windier than today. According to the CSIRO and Garnaut Climate Change Review, climate change is
expected to have numerous adverse affects on many species, regions, activities and much infrastructure and areas of the economy and public health in Australia and on balance the Stern Report and Garnaut Review expect these to outweigh the costs of mitigation.
In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warned of long term, maybe irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole Murray-Darling basin if it does not receive sufficient water by October. Water restrictions are currently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages resulting from drought. The Australian of the Year 2007, environmentalist Tim Flannery, predicted that unless it made drastic changes, Perth in Western Australia could become the world’s first ghost metropolis, an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population.
1http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/8002973
2http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/8002973
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Nina Shuvaeva,
4th year student, International Economic Relations Department, Far Eastern Institute of International Relations Scientific advisers: Elena N. Albey, Lydmila A. Fisyk, Instructors
PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF HIV AND REDUCING ITS IMPACT
Nowadays there are a lot of issues in the modern world which have their functions in the each person life. Diseases. This is one of the global problems in the whole the world and is difficult to fight with, it’s important to talk about heavy diseases. There are a lot of different types of diseases and it threat to all human nations. HIVis one of the most dangerous.
In this report it’s significant look into the problem on various continent and countries. India is one of the largest and most populated countries in the world, with over one billion
inhabitants. Of this number, it's estimated that around 2.3 million people are currently living with HIV. People living with HIV in India come from incredibly diverse cultures and backgrounds. The vast majority of infections occur through heterosexual sex, and most of those who become infected would not fall into the category of ‘high-risk groups’ - although members of such groups, including sex workers, men who have sex with men, truck drivers and migrant workers, do face a disproportionately higher risk of infection.
Various groups have made predictions about the effect that AIDS will have on India and the rest of Asia in the future, and there has been a lot of dispute about the accuracy of these estimates. For instance, a 2002 report by the CIA's National Intelligence Council predicted 20 million to 25 million AIDS cases in India by 2010 - more than any other country in the world. Ironically, India is a major provider of cheap generic copies of ARVs to countries all over the world.
UNAIDS estimates that in Nigeria, around 3.1 percent of adults between ages 15-49 are living with HIV and AIDS. Although the HIV prevalence is much lower in Nigeria than in other African countries such as South Africa and Zambia, the size of Nigeria’s population
(around 138 million) meant that by the end of 2007, there were an estimated 2,600,000 people infected with HIV. Some 80% of HIV infections in Nigeria are transmitted through heterosexual sex. Factors contributing to this include a lack of information about sexual health and HIV, low levels of condom use and high levels of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Chlamydia and gonorrhea, which make it easier for the virus to be transmitted.
Another contributing factor to the spread of HIV in Nigeria is the distinct lack of voluntary and routine HIV testing. In a 2003 survey, just 6 percent of women and 14 percent of men had ever been tested for HIV and received the results. In 2005, only around 1 percent of pregnant women were being tested for HIV. Women are particularly affected by the epidemic in Nigeria. In 2006 UNAIDS estimated that women accounted for 61.5 percent of all adults aged 15 and above living with HIV.
In 2002 the Nigerian government started an ambitious antiretroviral treatment program, which aimed to supply 10,000 adults and 5,000 children with antiretroviral drugs within one year. As a result, in 2006 Nigeria opened up 41 new AIDS treatment centers and started handing out free ARVs to those who needed them. Treatment scale-up between 2006-7 was impressive, rising from 81,000 people (15% of those in need) to 198,000 (26%) by the end of 2007. In 2002, the World Bank loaned US$90.3 million to Nigeria to support the 5-year HIV/AIDS Program Development Project.
With the large amounts of money being donated from international funds and a government dedicated to increasing prevention measures and treatment access, some are feeling slightly more optimistic about the future of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria.