36.Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Revised 2017 // www.ginasthma.com.
37.Albert P, Agusti A, Edwards L, Tal-Singer R, Yates J, Bakke P et al. Bronchodilator responsiveness as a phenotypic characteristic of established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2012;67:701–8.
38.Broekhuizen BD, Sachs AP, Moons KG, Cheragwandi SA, Damste HE, Wignands GJ et al. Diagnostic value of oral prednisolone test for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders. Ann Fam Med 2011;9:104–9.
39.Callahan CM, Dittus RS, Katz BP. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:216–23.
40.Woolcock AJ. Corticosteroid-resistant asthma. Definitions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:S45–8.
41.Pelkonen M, Notkola IL, Tukiainen H, Tervahauta M, Toumilehto J, Nissinen A: Smoking cessation, decline in pulmonary function and total mortality: a 30-year follow-up study among the Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Thorax 2001; 56: 703– 707.
42.Chandler MA, Rennard SI: Smoking cessation. Chest 2010; 137: 428–435.
43.Henningfield JE: Nicotine medications for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1995;
333:1196–1203.
44.Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston JA, Hughes AR, Smith SS, Muramoto ML, Daughton DM, Doan K, Fiore MC, Baker TB: A controlled trial of sustainedrelease bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 685–691.
45.Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, Lodge M: Metaanalysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation. Lancet 1994; 343: 139–142.
46.Tashkin D, Kanner R, Bailey W, Buist S, Anderson P, Nides M, Gonzales D, Dozier G, Patel MK, Jamerson B: Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet 2001;
357:1571–1575.
47.Strassmann R, Bausch B, Spaar A, Kleijnen J, Braendli O, Puhan MA: Smoking cessation interventions in COPD: a network metaanalysis of randomised trials. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 634–640.
51
48.Faessel H, Ravva P, Williams K: Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of varenicline in healthy adolescent smokers: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2009; 31: 177–189.
49.Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, Altose MD, Bailey WC, Buist AS, Conway WA Jr, Enright PL, Kanner RE, O’Hara P: Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV 1 . The Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1497–1505.
50.Decramer M, Celli B, Kesten S, Lystig T, Mehra S, Tashkin DP. Effect of tiotropium on outcomes in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UPLIFT): a prespecified subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009;374:1171–8.
51.Jenkins CR, Jones PW, Calverley PM, Celli B, Anderson JA, Ferguson GT et al. Efficacy of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate by GOLD stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis from the randomised, placebo-controlled TORCH study. Respir Res 2009;10:59.
52.Sestini P, Renzoni E, Robinson S, Poole P, Ram FSF. Short-acting beta2-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;3:CD001495.
53.Chung VCH, Ma PHX, Hui DSC, Tam WWS, Tang JL. Indacaterol for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e70784.
54.Cope S, Donohue JF, Jansen JP, Kraemer M, Capkun-Niggli G, Baldwin M et al. Comparative efficacy of long-acting bronchodilators for COPD – a network metaanalysis. Respir Res 2013;14:100.
55.Koch A, Pizzichini E, Hamilton A, Hart L, Korducki L, De Salvo MC et al. Lung function efficacy and symptomatic benefit of olodaterol once daily delivered via Respimat versus placebo and formoterol twice daily in patients with GOLD 2-4 COPD: results from two replicate 48-week studies. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014;9:697–714.
56.Decramer M, Anzueto A, Kerwin E, Kaelin T, Richard N, Crater G et al. Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium plus vilanterol versus tiotropium, vilanterol, or umeclidinium monotherapies over 24 weeks in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two multicenter, blinded, randomized controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:472–86.
52
57.Vogelmeier C, Hederer B, Glaab T et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations in COPD // N Engl J Med 2011;364:1093–103.
58.Decramer ML, Chapman KR, Dahl R et al., INVIGORATE investigators. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study // Lancet Respir Med. 2013; 1 (7): 524-33.
59.Wilchesky M, Ernst P, Brophy JM, Platt RW, Suissa S. Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 2: reassessment in the larger Quebec cohort. Chest 2012;142:305–11.
60.Decramer ML, Hanania NA, Lotvall JO, Yawn BP. The safety of long-acting b2agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2013;8:53–64.
61.Kew KM, Mavergames C, Walters JAE. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;Art. No.:CD010177.
62.Karner C, Chong J, Poole P. Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;7:CD009285.
63.Sims MW, Panettieri RA Jr. Profile of aclidinium bromide in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2011;6:457–66.
64.Ulrik CS. Once-daily glycopyrronium bromide, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of clinical benefit. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012;7:673–8.
65.Jones PW, Rennard SI, Agusti A et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily aclidinium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2011;12:55.
66.Kerwin E, Hebert J, Gallagher N et al. Efficacy and safety of NVA237 versus placebo and tiotropium in patients with COPD: the GLOW2 study. Eur Respir J 2012;40:1106–14.
67.Donohue JF, Niewoehner D, Brooks J et al. Safety and tolerability of once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 125/25 mcg and umeclidinium 125 mcg in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a 52-week, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Respir Res 2014;15:78.
68.Sharafkhaneh A, Majid H, Gross NJ. Safety and tolerability of inhalational anticholinergics in COPD. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2013;5:49–55.
53
69.Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, Burkhart D, Kesten S, Menjoge S et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1543– 54.
70.Wise RA, Anzueto A, Cotton D et al. Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1491–501.
71.Appleton S, Jones T, Poole P et al. Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2:CD001387.
72.Appleton S, Jones T, Poole P et al. Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD006101.
73.Karner C, Cates CJ. Long-acting beta2-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta2-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;4:CD008989.
74.Decramer M, Anzueto A, Kerwin E et al. Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium plus vilanterol versus tiotropium, vilanterol, or umeclidinium monotherapies over 24 weeks in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two multicenter, blinded, randomized controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:472–86.
75.Bateman ED, Ferguson GT, Barnes N et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur Respir J 2013;42:1484– 94.
76.Donohue JF, Maleki-Yazdi MR, Kilbride S et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg in COPD. Respir Med 2013;107:1538–46.
77.Vincken W, Aumann J, Chen H et al. Efficacy and safety of coadministration of oncedaily indacaterol and glycopyrronium versus indacaterol alone in COPD patients: the GLOW6 study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014;9:215–28.
78.Wedzicha JA, Dahl R, Buhl R et al. Pooled safety analysis of the fixed-dose combination of indacaterol and glycopyrronium (QVA149), its monocomponents, and tiotropium versus placebo in COPD patients. Respir Med 2014;108:1498–507.
79.Ulrik CS. Clinical benefit of fixed-dose dual bronchodilation with glycopyrronium and indacaterol once daily in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014;9:331–8.
80.Buhl R., Maltais F., Abrahams R. et al. Tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination versus mono-components in COPD (GOLD 2–4) // Eur Respir J. 2015;
45: 969–979.
54
81.Singh D., Ferguson G.T., Bolitschek J. et al. Tiotropium + olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life // Respir. Med. 2015; 109 (10): 1312-9.
82.Beeh K.M., Westerman J., Kirsten A.M. et al. The 24-h lung-function profile of oncedaily tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease // Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 32: 53-9.
83.Wedzicha JA, Decramer M, Ficker JH et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomized, double-blind, parallelgroup study. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1:199–209.
84.Yang IA, Clarke MS, Sim EHA, Fong KM. Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;7:CD002991.
85.Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D, Maltais F, Bourbeau J, Goldstein R et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:545–55.
86.Welte T, Miravitlles M, Hernandez P, Eriksson G, Peterson S, Polanowski T et al. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:741– 50.
87.Cazzola M, Ando F, Santus P, Ruggeri P, Di Marco F, Sanduzzi A et al. A pilot study to assess the effects of combining fluticasone propionate/salmeterol and tiotropium to the airflow obstruction of patients with severe-to-very severe COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007;20:556–61.
88.Karner C, Cates CJ. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;3:CD008532.
89.Wedzicha JA, Calverley PMA, Seemungal TA et al. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:19–26.
90.Watz H, Tetzlaff K, Wouters EF et al. Blood eosinophil count and exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids: a post-hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial // Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4(5): 390-8.
91.Vestbo J, Anderson JA, Brook RD et al.; SUMMIT Investigators. Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened
55