DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
NATIONAL RESEARCH NUCLEAR UNIVERSITY “MEPhI”
FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS PHYSICAL PROTECTION, CONTROL AND ACCOUNTABILITY
Edited by E.F. Kryuchkov
Recommended by Educational and Methodological Association “Nuclear Physics and Technology”
as a textbook for higher school students
Moscow 2011
1
UDK 621.039.53(075)
BBK 31.46ya7
A13
Accounting, control and physical protection of nuclear material:
Textbook/Edited by E.F. Kryuchkov. M.: NRNU “MEPhI” , 2011. – 487 p. Authors: A.V. Bushuev, V.B. Glebov, N.I. Geraskin, A.V. Izmaylov,
E.F. Kryuchkov, V.V. Kondakov.
This textbook makes a systematic presentation of essential information on nuclear material accounting, control and physical protection (NM AC&PP). Its first part deals with the objectives of and conditions for NM AC&PP development in the context of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and contains an overview of the relevant legal framework and key regulatory documents. In its second part, the book describes the basic features of today’s NM accounting and control (NM A&C) systems and their components. Considerable attention is given to issues associated with computerization of A&C operations. The third part is devoted to physical protection of nuclear materials and facilities.
The book is intended for students reading Safety and Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Materials (as part of Nuclear Physics and Technology) and specializing for their master’s degree in Physical Protection, Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (as part of Engineering Physics). It may be useful for senior students and postgraduates in their studies of nuclear material accounting and control systems.
English version of this textbook was prepared in the framework of the supplemental budget 159 of Responsible Science Program of International science and technology center.
Reviewers: Pshakin G.M., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering,
Isaev N.V., Head of Department, All-Russian R&D Institute of Automatics
ISBN 978-5–7262-1582-2 © National Research Nuclear University
“MEPhI” (Moscow Engineering Physics
Institute), 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
FOREWORD...................................................................................... |
7 |
Part I. Nuclear non-proliferation. Nuclear material accounting, |
|
control and physical protection (NM AC&PP) systems, |
|
their purposes and cinditions for development ........................ |
9 |
Chapter 1. The problem of non-proliferation ................................... |
10 |
1.1. Non-proliferation concept. International |
|
non-proliferation regime ........................................................ |
10 |
1.2. Some current problems of non-proliferation .......................... |
14 |
Chapter 2. Main technologies of the present-day |
|
nuclear fuel cycle and their significance for |
|
the non-proliferartion regime.......................................... |
20 |
Chapter 3. Iuternational non-proliferation safeguards...................... |
59 |
3.1. IAEA activities ....................................................................... |
59 |
3.2. Export control system ............................................................. |
84 |
Chapter 4. National no-nproliferation safeguards. Special |
|
management of nuclear materials and its aspects ........... |
90 |
Chapter 5. Regulations and laws as a foundation for |
|
development and operation of AC&PP systems |
|
in the Russian Federation ............................................... |
96 |
5.1. Legal framework of the AC&PP activities ............................. |
96 |
5.2. Regulatory framework for accounting, control and |
|
physical protection of nuclear materials .............................. |
103 |
Chapter 6. Human factor in nuclear material accounting, |
|
control and physical protection. AC&PP culture .......... |
112 |
6.1. Present-day threats to safe management |
|
of nuclear materials and systems of counteraction .............. |
112 |
6.2. The concept of nuclear safety culture ................................... |
113 |
6.3. Development of the NM AC&PP culture............................. |
114 |
Part II. Nuclear material accounting and control systems .............. |
118 |
Chapter 1. State system of accounting for and control |
|
of nuclear material (SSAC) ........................................... |
119 |
1.1. Objectives, tasks and structure of the SSAC ........................ |
119 |
1.2. Operator-level accounting of NM......................................... |
123 |
3
1.3. Evolution of nuclear material accounting systems ............... |
125 |
Chapter 2. Basic concepts of the measured nuclear material |
|
balance system .............................................................. |
128 |
2.1. Basis for categorization of NM............................................. |
128 |
2.2. Forms of nuclear material. Batch of nuclear material .......... |
136 |
2.3. Material balance area (MBA). Organization of |
|
accounting and control of NM in MBAs............................... |
137 |
Chapter 3. Information systems of NM accounting........................ |
144 |
3.1. Tasks of NM accounting information systems ..................... |
144 |
3.2.Basic requirements to NM accounting information systems 144
3.3.Enterprise-level structure of NM accounting
information systems ............................................................. |
145 |
3.4. Transaction as the key component of electronic |
|
NM logging .......................................................................... |
148 |
3.5. Federal automated NM accounting and control system ....... |
151 |
Chapter 4. Statistical basis of NM accouting and control .............. |
154 |
4.1. Basic determination and reduction concepts |
|
of probability theory and statistics ....................................... |
155 |
4.2. Basic statistical requirements to NM A&C systems ............ |
174 |
4.3. Errors, their models and sources........................................... |
180 |
4.4. Tests of hypotheses and sampling studies ............................ |
193 |
4.5. Control and assurance of measurement quality .................... |
209 |
Chapter 5. Measurements of nuclear material |
|
for accounting and control thereof ................................ |
220 |
5.1. Basic concepts of NM measurements................................... |
220 |
5.2. Nondestructive NM assay techniques. |
|
Calibration and standards ...................................................... |
226 |
5.3. Destructive analyses ............................................................. |
268 |
5.4. Combined use of NM measurement techniques ................... |
280 |
Chapter 6. Main accountancy procedures....................................... |
283 |
6.1. NM transfer procedures ........................................................ |
283 |
6.2. Physical inventory taking and balance of NM...................... |
286 |
Chapter 7. Computerized NM accounting and control systems ..... |
304 |
7.1. Industry-standard requirements to NM A&C systems ......... |
304 |
7.2. Architecture of computerized NM accounting systems........ |
307 |
7.3. Base software........................................................................ |
313 |
4
7.4. Applied software................................................................... |
336 |
7.5. Development of computerized NM A&C systems............... |
364 |
Chapter 8. Iinformation security of computerized |
|
NM A&C systems ......................................................... |
376 |
8.1. Secure information processing systems................................ |
376 |
8.2. Information protection in accounting and control |
|
of nuclear material................................................................. |
377 |
8.3. Threats to information security and countermeasures .......... |
380 |
8.4. Standards on information security |
|
in automated NM A&C systems .......................................... |
382 |
8.5. Effects of the Federal Technical Regulation Law |
|
on IT security......................................................................... |
401 |
8.6. Reliability of computerized NM A&C systems |
|
and backup of information .................................................... |
403 |
Chapter 9. Automation of NM accounting ..................................... |
408 |
9.1. Use of barcode technology for identification of NM............ |
408 |
9.2. Automation of NM measurements........................................ |
418 |
9.3. Systems approach to construction of enterprise |
|
NM A&C systems ................................................................ |
419 |
Chapter 10. Control of nuclear material ......................................... |
422 |
10.1. NM control at enterprises ................................................... |
422 |
10.2. Intrastate and international control of NM ......................... |
431 |
Part III. Phycical protection of nuclear material |
|
and nuclear facilities .......................................................... |
432 |
Chapter 1. General description of the objective |
|
of physical protection .................................................... |
433 |
Chapter 2. Regulatory and legal framework |
|
of physical protection .................................................... |
436 |
Chapter 3. Structure and components of the physical |
|
protection system (PPS) ................................................ |
438 |
Chapter 4. General description of the PPS subsystems .................. |
441 |
4.1. Engineered physical protection features ............................... |
441 |
4.2. Physical barriers and organizational subsystem of the PPS . 446 |
|
Chapter 5. General concepts of the PPS design.............................. |
449 |
Chapter 6. PPS creation (perfection) process. Stages and phases .. |
454 |
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