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UNIT 3The Legislative Power in the USA

1. Grammar Focus:
Complex sentences:

Reported Speech; Relative Clauses

2. Topic Activities

(Reading & Speaking):
Text 1. The Legislative Branch of US Government

Text 2. U.S. Congress

.Text 3. U.S. Legislature

3. Conversation & Writing Practice:

.Asking for Information Clarification

GRAMMAR FOCUSReported StatementsКосвенные высказывания

Вводный глагол
Союз

придаточного предложения
Местоимения

в придаточном предложении
Видовременная форма глагола

say (to smb.)

tell smb.
that

(часто опускается)
изменяются

по смыслу
преобразуется

по правилу согласования времён

Direct Speech: He said,“ I like my new car.”

R eported speech: He said (to me)

(that) he liked his new car.

He told me

Примечание: глаголы say и tell также используются в следующих фразах:

say
good morning/afternoon; something/nothing; one’s prayers; so; a few words

tell
the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, the time, the difference, one from another, somebody the way, somebody one’s name
1. Fill in the gaps with “say” or “tell” in the correct tense:

A.
“You never listen to me”, Katie ____Jim. “I ____ good morning to you three times today and you didn’t answer,” she ____. “To ____ you the truth, it makes me really angry. Why don’t you listen to me?”

“Oh, hello, Katie,” said Jim. “Did you just ____ something?”

B.
“Ann ____ me that she and John are getting married,” ____ Sue. “She ___ that they are going to have a big wedding with lots of guests.”

“That will be expensive,” ____ Tom. “I thought John once ____ me that they couldn’t afford a big wedding.”

“Well, that’s what Ann ___ me,” ___ Sue. “I don’t think she would ___ a lie.”

C.
Richard ____ Sarah that he was having a party on Saturday night. He ____ that it would start early but it would finish quite late. He ____ her to bring her sister along as well. Sarah ____ she was looking forward to going. Richard ____ her he would probably call again on Friday to ____ her the way to his house.
2. Fill in the gaps with correct pronouns:

e.g. Mary said: “I want to go out with my friends.”

Mary said (that) she wanted to go out with her friends.

  1. Tom said, “I have lost my key.” Tom said (that) ___ had lost ___ key.

  2. Bob and Mary said, “We are taking our dog for a walk.” Bob and Mary said (that) ____ were taking ____ dog for a walk.

  3. Andrew said, “My sister is coming to visit me next week.” Andrew said (that) ____ sister was coming to visit ____ next week.

  4. Dad said, “I want you to wash my car for me.” Dad said (that) ___ wanted ___ to wash ___ car for ___.

  5. The detective said, “My boss wants me to investigate this crime.” The detective said (that) ____ boss wanted ____ to investigate that crime.

  6. He said to me, “I need you to help me investigate the crime.” He told me that (that) ____ needed ____ to help ____ investigate the crime.”
Правило согласования времён (SequenceofTenses)




Past

(прошедшее)

в главном предложении

т ребует



Past

(прошедшего)

в придаточном предложении
Схема согласования времён при переводе прямой речи в косвенную

Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
Характер действия




Simple




P resent Continuous



Perfect



Simple




Past Continuous




Perfect



одновременное действие




предшествующее действие
п оследующее действие




Past Simple Past Perfect




Future Future-in-the Past



will would

Преобразование модальных глаголов

c an

m ay

m ust

s hall
could/would be able to (future reference)

might

must/ had to (obligation)

should (asking for advice)



NB! Правило согласования времён не соблюдается, если:

  • вводныйглаголстоитвPresent, Future или Present Perfect;

  • сообщается общеизвестная истина или закон природы;

  • сказуемоевпрямойречистоитвPast Continuous, Past Perfect Simple и Past Perfect Continuous;

  • впрямойречииспользуютсямодальныеглаголыwould, could, might, should, ought to, had betterиmustn’t.
3. Study carefully the following examples of reported speech and translate them:

Direct speech
Reported Speech

1. “I want to find a better job”, he said.
2. “I am very tired”, Mary said.

3. “They are playing table tennis”, he said.

4. “I have bought a new car”, she said.

5. “Jack left the country”, they said.
6. “I will send you a letter”, he said.
7. “I’ll call you tomorrow”, she said.
8. He said, “She can type fast.”

9. He said, “I can talk to you tomorrow.”

10. He said, “You may park your car outside my house.”

11. He said, “She must be exhausted.”

12. He said, “You must sign the contract.”

13. He said, “What shall I tell her?”

14. She says, “I don’t like whisky.”
15. The teacher said, “The sun sets in the west.”

16. “I was watching TV while she was cooking”, he said.
1. He said (that) he wanted to find a better job.

2. Mary said (that) she was very tired.

3. He said they were playing table tennis.

4. She said she had bought a new car.

5. They said (that) Jack had left the country.

6. He said (that) he would send me a letter.

7. She said she would call me the next day.

8. He said that she could type fast.

9. He said he would be able to talk to me the next day.

10. He said (that) I might park my car outside his house.

11. He said that she must be exhausted.

12. He said that I had to sign the contract.

13. He asked what he should tell her.

14. She says (that) she doesn’t like whisky.

15. The teacher said (that) the sun sets in the west.

16. He said he was watching TV while she was cooking.
Relative ClausesОпределительные придаточные предложения

Позиция

Следуют за определяемым существительным

Тип
I. Identifying

(идентифицирующие)
II. Non-Identifying

(не идентифицирующие)

Пунктуация
Запятые не ставятся
Выделяются запятыми

Маркеры:

  1. relative

pronouns



  1. relative

adverbs
who/ whom/ that о людях;

which/ that о вещах и

животных;

whose о принадлежности;

where о местонахождении;

when о времени;

why о причине
w ho/whom people

w hich objects, animals
w hose possession

w here place

w hen time

Функция

Сообщают важную информацию опознавательно-конкретизирующего характера, без которой смысл главного предложения был бы не понятен.
Дают дополнительную информацию

описательно-классифицирующего характера, не влияющую на понимание смысла главного предложения.

Примеры
1. People are fined.

Людиполучаютштраф. (Какие люди? За что? Неясно.)

People who/that park illegally are fined.

Люди, которые паркуют ма­шины в нелегальном месте, получают штраф.
2. My cat is called Monty.

Моего кота зовут Монти.

(Ясно, о ком идёт речь.)

My cat, which I found in the street, is called Monty.

Моего кота, которого я нашёл на улице, зовут Монти (дана дополни­тельная информация).
4. Read and translate the following sentences. Do analyses of the relative clauses:

  1. We know a lot of people who serve in the militia.

  2. An investigator is someone who uncovers a crime.

  3. I spoke to a man whom I had met before.

  4. Jim is the boy whose uncle is a doctor.

  5. I do not like stories that have unhappy endings.

  6. Peter told me about his new job, which he’s enjoying very much.

  7. The woman who lives next door is a lawyer.

  8. The person who is sitting next to her is a well-known scientist.

  9. Andrew works for a company that distributes cars.

  10. I know a lot of people, who live from hand to mouth.

  11. The people who work in the office are very friendly.

  12. The policeman who I wanted to see was on holiday.

  13. We attended the seminar which our tutor recommended.

  14. Do you know anyone who speaks English and French?

  15. John, who speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.

  16. This is the suburb where Felix lives.

  17. I’ll always remember the day when I got married.

  18. The reason why he can’t meet you tonight is that he’s working overtime.

  19. “For every person who wants to teach there are approximately thirty who don’t want to learn – much.” (W.C. Sellar and B.J. Yeatman, British authors)
2. Choose the correct relative pronoun or adverb from the list:who, whose, which, where, when, why

  1. Edison was the man ____ invented the light bulb.

  2. This book ____ is very old belongs to my grandfather.

  3. The man ____ is speaking now is a prosecutor.

  4. The rabbit is an animal _____ only eats plants and vegetables.

  5. Athens is the city ____the first modern Olympic Games took place.

  6. The reason ____the Titanic sank was that it hit an iceberg.

  7. 1492 was the year ____Columbus discovered America.

  8. Is this the woman ____ husband is a banker?
RelativePronounsandAdverbsОсобенности относительных местоимений и наречий

Identifying Relative Clauses
Non-Identifying Relative Clauses

  • Вместо who, whom, which, when, why можно использовать that.

e.g. I met somebody (who/that) I hadn’t seen for ages

  • Where можно заменять на which/that + предлог.

e.g. The street where we used to play is very busy now.

The street which/that we used to play in is very busy now.

  • Who, whom, which, when, why, that в функции дополнения можно опускать.

e.g. That is the hat (which/that) I bought last week.

  • При опущении предложного дополнения предлог сохраня­ется в конце придаточного предложения.

e.g. The street (which/that) we used to play in is very busy now.

  • Нельзя использовать that

  • Нельзя опускать относительные местоимения и наречия.

e.g. We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.

  • Which может относиться ко всей ситуации, описанной в главном предложении.

e.g. He lent me some money. This was generous of him.

He lent me some money, which was generous of him.

  • При описании субъектов или объектов из группы людей или вещей используют формулы:

many of / some of / one of / none of / all of / most of / neither of / either of / both of / half of / each of / one of / two of + whom/which

e.g. Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.
3. Omit relative pronouns and adverbsif possible. Be attentive!

  1. The young man who stands next to Alice is a detective.

  2. Have you found the keys that you have lost?

  3. A shoplifter is someone who steals from a shop.

  4. The people who we met at the station were very friendly.

  5. The people who I talked to were very unfriendly.

  6. What have you done with the money that I gave you?

  7. What happened to the money that was on the table? Did you take it?

  8. The film was awful. It was the worst film that I have ever seen.

  9. It was an awful experience. It was the worst thing which has ever happened to me.

  10. The car which looked beautiful was very expensive.

  11. The investigator that I wanted to see was away on a mission.

  12. How old is the boy who hit you?

  13. Did you return the book that you borrowed from the library?

  14. Is that the man who stole your bag?

  15. Have you replied to all the letters which you received?

  16. Is he the man who repaired your car?

  17. They live in a big house that is in the countryside.

  18. A burglar is someone who breaks into a house to steal things.

  19. The reason why he is happy is that he’s just got a new job.

  20. I want to do the job which I was trained for.
TOPIC ACTIVITIESREADING & SPEAKING1. Learn the following words and phrases:

Congress

конгресс

the Senate

сенат

the House of Representatives

палата представителей

legislative
законодательный

executive
исполнительный

judicial

судебный

to charge
облачать

to pass
принять

approval
одобрение

bill
законопроект

recourse
выход, спасительное средство

in order to
для того чтобы

chamber
палата

to originate
возникать, исходить

conversely
наоборот

to investigate
расследовать

pressing
актуальный

to supervise
надзирать, наблюдать

to provide
обеспечивать

in addition to
кроме того

to coin
чеканить

commander in chief
главнокомандующий

sparsely
редко, мало

concern
интерес, озабоченность

framer
создатели

disparate
В корне отличный

regardless of
несмотря на

currently
в настоящее время

depend
зависеть

house
палата

tax
налог

accuse
обвинять

require
требовать

crime
преступление

confirm
подтверждать, утверждать

reject
отвергать

treaty
договор

appointment
назначение

ambassador
посол

elect
избирать

term
срок

preside
председательствовать

to cast
отдать

vote
голос

tie
равное распределение голосов
Источник: https://files.student-it.ru/previewfile/146079

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