To demonstrate this phenomenon engineers used a lot of measuring devices. Чтобы продемонстрировать это явление, инженеры использовали много измерительных приборов.
В функции подлежащего за инфинитивом обычно следует сказуемое:
To explain this phenomenon is the task of engineers. Задача инженеров – объяснить это явление.
Перевод инфинитивного оборота с предлогом for
Инфинитивный оборот, состоящий из предлога for + существительное (или местоимение) + инфинитив, представляет собой синтаксическую структуру, в которой действие, выраженное инфинитивом, относится к лицу (или предмету) обозначенному существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в объектном падеже (me, you, him, her, it, us, them). Инфинитив в таких оборотах может употребляться как в действительном, так и в страдательном залоге. На русский язык они переводятся при помощи неопределенной формы глагола или придаточного предложения в зависимости от функции в предложении. Часто перевод следует начинать с дополнения, которое стоит после предлога for. Например:
It required some more experiments for the scientist to prove the correctness of the results obtained. Ученому потребовалось провести еще несколько экспериментов, чтобы доказать правильность полученных результатов.
It is impossible for the driver to stop the car quickly at such a high speed. Водитель не может быстро остановить машину при такой большой скорости.
It is necessary for the goods to be delivered in time. Необходимо, чтобы товары были доставлены вовремя.
To provide experimental evidence for the theoretical ideas scientists make more and more experiments.
There is one more phenomenon to be involved into this solution.
The amount of computations to be done is great.
The data to be analyzed involve knowledge of numerical methods.
To answer this question we studied a great deal of publications on the problem.
Science teaches us to create.
To overcome this difficulty two systems were devised.
The load is transmitted to the base plate which must be of sufficient thickness to safely resist the shear.
To accurately divide a given distance into several equal parts dividers are used.
To somewhat simplify the problem, one should suppose that one of the joints is hinged.
The size of such a foundation in plan must be proportioned with respect to the permissible pressure on the subsoil, the weight of the concrete plate itself to be included.
Sea water is very aggressive, so special paint is to be used for protecting the steel piles against corrosion.
For the pressure to be reduced the safe limits of the foundation may be widened.
Rigidity in this new structure must have been as essential as strength for bending under load may lead to loss of control.
It would have been extremely difficult, if not almost possible; to build the dome using only reinforced concrete.
A team was formed to develop the project.
Extraordinary measures to deal with the situation have been discussed.
It was difficult for the engineer to assess these effects numerically.
To introduce numerical methods and their use in physics is the purpose of the paper.
The methods to be introduced are extremely useful for solving many practical problems.
For the salt to dissolve quicker one should stir it.
For the salts to be produced it is necessary to prepare all the raw materials.
The information has been presented to determine the real nature of the substance under consideration.
The present paper will present an attempt to apply a form of the Kalman filter to such systems to determine both the state estimation (оценка) and the time delay (задержка).
It is impossible for the molecules in this layer to vibrate.
In pushing over or felling trees which are too large for the tractor to move by blade, the roots of the trees should be exposed and cut through.
Working hours are typically over a standard work week, but when working to fight deadlines it is not uncommon for the architects to work long hours including evenings, weekends and all nights.
Economic growth means access to clean water, a safe house to live in, a chance to educate children to prepare for a better life.
Вопрос, который нужно обсудить на этом собрании, очень важный.
Чтобы определить данное отношение, нужно решить это уравнение.
Ученые считают, что результаты, которые должны быть получены в этом эксперименте, будут широко использованы в научных исследованиях.
В этой статье есть кое-что, что следовало бы обсудить.
Чтобы определить эту величину, необходимо знать некоторые правила.
Уравнение, которое нужно решить, имеет большое значение в этой теории.
Вы должны присутствовать на собрании, которое должно состояться в конце месяца.
Чтобы объяснить этот закон, необходимо хорошо знать теорию.
Нам трудно усвоить все правила перевода инфинитива и причастия на русский язык.
Данные, которые необходимо проанализировать, предполагают (involve) знания численных методов.
У нас есть твердое доказательство, чтобы предсказать этот результат.
Для того чтобы облегчить наши вычисления, мы пользуемся компьютером.
Ученым было трудно вывести этот закон.
Нам легко сделать это задание.
Им трудно выполнить этот эксперимент.
Чтобы охладить изделие, добавляют воду.
Необходимо, чтобы все задания были выполнены в срок.
Чтобы получить хорошие результаты, необходимо много работать.
Применить эти понятия к данным явлениям – цель нашей работы.
Для того чтобы получить конечный результат, необходимо привлечь известные формулы.
appearance [q`pIqrqns] n – внешний вид, появление
large-scale [`lRGskeIl] n – крупный масштаб
renovation [,renq`veISn] n – восстановление, обновление
undertake [,Andq`teIk] (undertook, undertaken) v – предпринимать
attractive [q`trxktIv] a – привлекательный
quality [`kwOlItI] n – качество
be concerned with [kqn`sWnd] – быть озабоченным чем-то
preserve [prI`zWv] v – сохранять
sense [sens] n – смысл
assembly [q`semblI] n – сборка, монтаж
prefabricated = prefab [`prI`fxbrIkeItId] a – сборный
improvement [Imp`rHvmqnt] n – усовершенствование
self-contained [`selfkqn`teInd] a – изолированный, независимый
trend [trend] n– тенденция, направление
layout [`leIaVt] n – расположение, разбивка, план, проект, схема
arrangement [q`reInGmqnt] n – устройство, расположение
surround [sq`raVnd] v– окружать, обступать
careful [`kFqfVl] a – тщательный, точный, аккуратный
leisure [`leZq] n – досуг, свободное время
facilities [fq`sIlItIz] n – благоприятные условия, удобства
expedient [,iks`pJdjqnt] a – подходящий, выгодный, целесообразный
abundance [q`bAndqns] n – изобилие, множество
ensure [in`SVq] v – обеспечивать
sturdily [`stWdIlI] adv – сильно, крепко, зд. надежно
planting [`plRntIN] n – посадка
lay stress on [`leI`stres`on] – придавать особое значение
reservoir [`rezqvwR] n – бассейн, водохранилище
permissible [pW`mIsbl] a – допустимый, позволительный
density [`densItI] n – плотность
residential [`rezI`denSql] a – жилой
provide [prq`vaId] v – обеспечивать, снабжать
provide for v – предусматривать
integral [`IntIgrql] a – неотъемлемый, существенный
profile [`prqVfaIl] n – очертание, профиль
airy [`FqrI] a – легкий, грациозный
earmark [`IqmRk] n– отличительный признак
detached-house [dI`txCt`haVs] n – отдельно-стоящий дом
widespread [`waIdsprqd] a– широко распространенный
opportunities [opq`tjHnItIz] n – благоприятные возможности
allot [q`lOt] v – раздавать, наделять, распределять
cash loans [`kxSlqVnz] – денежные займы, ссуды
mighty [`maItI] a– мощный, могущественный
tip-up lorries [`tIpAp`lOrIz] – самосвалы
concrete [`kOnkrIt] – бетон
TOWN AND CITY PLANNING
Russia is building more now than ever before. The appearance of old cities is changing and they are becoming better to live in. Large-scale renovation is being undertaken and new housing projects are very attractive. The task is to give new life to old cities while preserving their individuality and architectural colour that was formed through the ages. Architects have to keep a close watch on quality. They should be concerned with quality in the broadest sense of the word, quality of designs, planning, assembly work, of prefab parts, etc.
The industrialization of construction, growth of the prefab concrete parts industry and of the output of building materials are determining factors in the progress of Russian architecture.
It is clear that town-improvement and beauty of a city depend first of all on how well type-project work has been developed. New building blocks of multi-room self-contained flats to be occupied by one family are being built now.
At present the trend is towards higher buildings. The improved lay-out of the flats and better finishing of their interiors make for more comfort. The use of 5-, 9-, 10-, 14- and 16-storey blocks in one project breaks the monotony.
It should be stressed that in the new housing areas there is a free-style arrangement of buildings and no corridor-like streets. The surrounding land is planted with trees and shrubs and noise is combated by a careful selection of the sites for roads.
At present the following questions are being put before builders.
What should our towns and cities be like to ensure that life in them is comfortable, healthy, cheerful and attractive? What have to be done in order to build them quickly, inexpensively and sturdily, so that each of our citizens has a pleasant home to live in?
Architects and other specialists take an active part in designing the most expedient types of buildings for the new projects.
It is necessary to note that town development is a very complex process involving various problems of economics, hygiene, engineering, architecture and philosophy. The problem of improving town and city planning is problem No. 1 for all city builders.
Typical of the new Russian cities is the stress laid on the planting of greenery in streets and courtyards as well as on the abundance of gardens, parks, reservoirs and fountains.
A great deal of work has to be done to provide leisure facilities on a large scale outside the cities.
To protect the health of the working people, specific rules fix the permissible density of buildings, the size of residential blocks, the extent of open spaces, the planting of trees and gardens between the residential and industrial zones, etc.
The architecture and planning of Russian cities provide for new residential districts which are to constitute integral parts of the city and have a definite and single architectural profile. Expedient layout of the smallest residential units, airy and surrounded with greenery of wide streets and squares, monumental public buildings and comfortable residential houses – such are the earmarks of the new Russian cities.
Detached-house building is also widespread, the builders having extensive opportunities both in town and country. The state allots land to the detached-house builders and furnishes them cash loans for construction.
The mighty Russian building industry is equipped with fine up-to-date machinery. Many excavators, tip-up lorries, cranes, concrete mixes and other machines can be seen on the construction sites.
B. Прочитайте и проанализируйте следующий текст. Выучите слова.
oversee [qVvqsJ] (oversaw, overseen) v – наблюдать
direct [dIrekt] v – управлять, направлять
run [rAn] (ran, run) v – зд. работать, вести дело
external [ekstq:nl] a – внешний
take on [teik] (took, taken) v – принимать на службу, браться за дело
challenge [CxlInG] v – вызывать, требовать, сомневаться
assignment [qsaInmqnt] n – назначение, задание
master’s degree [mQ:stq dIgrJ] – степень магистра
bachelor’s degree [bxC(q)lq dIgrJ] – степень бакалавра
break into [breIk] (broke, broken) v – вмешиваться
associate [qsqVSIIt] n – коллега, компаньон
handle [hxndl] v – регулировать, делать, торговать ч.-л.
digital [dIGItl] a – цифровой
reputation n [,repju: teIS(q)n] – доброе имя, репутация
hire [haIq] v – нанимать
figure out [fIgqraVt] v – вычислять, понимать
current [kArqnt] a – текущий, современный
post [pqVst] v – отправлять по почте
expertise [,ekspq: tJz] n – знания и опыт; экспертиза
How to Become a Public Relations Manager
A public relations (PR) manager is a very experienced PR worker who oversees and directs many other workers or runs all external communications for a company. The PR manager has consistently provided clients with excellent results and takes on many of the most challenging assignments in the PR firm. You'll need some special skills and experience if you want to become a public relations manager. Read on to learn more.
Things You'll Need
Master's degree in public relations
Bachelor's degree in communications
Become a Public Relations Manager
1. Study for your bachelor's degree in communications or a related field to help you break into the PR industry. After a few years of work as public relations associates, many people go back to school for their master's degrees. Most, but not all, public relations manager positions require advanced degrees.