| Именительный падеж who? | Объектный падеж | |
| whom? | кого? кому? | |
| I | me | меня мне |
| you | you | вас вам |
| he | him | его ему |
| she | her | eё ей |
| it | it | его (её) ему (ей) |
| we | us | нас нам |
| you | you | вас вам |
| they | them | их им |
| Личные местоимения | Притяжательные местоимения | |
| Присоединяемая форма | Абсолютная форма | |
| I | my | mine |
| you | your | yours |
| he | his | his |
| she | her | hers |
| it | its | its |
| we | our | ours |
| you | your | yours |
| they | their | theirs |
| Местоимение | Единственное число | Множественное число |
| this (это) | this | these |
| that (то) | that | those |
| Личное местоимение | Возвратное местоимение |
| I | myself |
| You | yourself |
| He | himself |
| She | herself |
| It | itself |
| We | ourselves |
| You | yourselves |
| They | themselves |
| Неопределённое местоимение | Производные | |||
| + thing | + body | + one | + where | |
| Some (утвердительные предложения) | something что-то | somebody кто-то | someone кто-нибудь | somewhere где-нибудь |
| Any (Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения) | anything что-то | anybody кто-то | anyone кто-нибудь | anywhere где-нибудь |
| Прилагательное | Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| односложные: small easy | small easy | smaller easier | the smallest the easiest |
| многосложные: beautiful Interesting | beautiful interesting | more beautiful more interesting | the most beautiful the most interesting |
| исключения: good bad little many far | good bad little many far | better worse less more further, farther | the best the worst the least the most the furthest, the farthest |
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| 1. Односложные наречия и наречия early. | ||
| fast – быстро soon – скоро early – рано | faster – быстрее sooner – скорее earlier – раньше | (the) fastest – быстрее всего (the) soonest – скорее всего (the) earliest – раньше всего |
| 2. Наречия, образованные от прилагательных при помощи суффикса -ly | ||
| clearly – ясно | more clearly – яснее less clearly – менее ясно | (the) most clearly – яснее всего (the) least clearly – наименее ясно |
| 3. Наречия well – хорошо, badly – плохо, much – много, little – мало, Far – далеко образуют степени сравнения от других корней. | ||
| well – хорошо badly – плохо much – много little – мало far – далеко | better – лучше worse – хуже more – больше less – меньше farther – дальше further – дальше | (the) best – лучше всего (the) worst – хуже всего (the) most – больше всего (the) least – меньше всего (the) farthest – дальше всего (the) furthest – дальше всего |
| Вид числительных | В цифрах | Прописью |
| Количественные (Cardinals) Даты | 839 1999 | Eight hundred thirty nine Nineteen ninety nine |
| Порядковые (Ordinals) | 1-й 2-й 3-й 4-й и далее – суффикс “th” | the first the second the third the fourth |
| Дробные (Fraction) простые десятичные | 2/5 3.4 0.2 | two fifth three point four point two |
| | Simple (факты, повторяющиеся действия, типичные ситуации) | Continuous (действие, происходящее в определенный момент) | Perfect (предшествование данному моменту, законченность) | Perfect Continuous (действие, начавшееся в какой-либо момент и продолжающееся до другого данного момента, часто включая его) |
| Формы Время | V | to be + V ing | to have + V III | to have + been + V ing |
| Present | I drive He/she/it drives We/you/they drive | I am driving He/she/it is driving We/you/they are driving | I have driven He/she/it has driven We/you/they have driven | I have been driving He/she/it has been driving We/you/they have been driving |
| Do I drive? Does he/she/it drive? Do we/you/they drive? | Am I driving? Is he/she/it driving? Are we/you/they driving? | Have I driven? Has he/she/it driven? Have we/you/they driven? | Have I been driving? Has he/she/it been driving? Have we/you/they been driving? | |
| I do not (don’t) drive He/she/it does not (doesn’t) drive We/you/they don’t drive | I am not (’m not) driving He/she/it is not (isn’t) driving We/you/they are not (aren’t) driving | I have not (haven’t) driven He/she/it has not (hasn’t) driven We/you/they have not driven | I have not (haven’t) been driving He/she/it has not (hasn’t) been driving We/you/they have not been driving | |
| every week, each Monday, once a month, always, seldom, often, sometimes, never | now, at the moment, today, this week | for, since, just, already, yet, ever, never, it’s the first time | for, since, just | |
| Present Perfect подчеркивает результат действия, а Perfect Continuous подчеркивает его продолжительность: She’s written an article for the school newspaper. (она закончила статью) She’s been writing an article for the school newspaper. (она начала статью, но еще не закончила) | ||||
| Past | I/he/she/it/we/you/ they played / drove | I was driving He/she/it was driving We/you/they were driving | I/he/she/it/we/you/ they had driven | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they had been driving |
| Did I/he/she/it/we/you/ they play / drive? | Was I driving? Was he/she/it driving? Were we/you/they driving? | Had I/he/she/it/we/ you/they driven? | Had I/he/she/it/we/you/ they been driving? | |
| I/he/she/it/we/you/ they did not (didn’t) play / drive | I was not (wasn’t) driving He/she/it was not driving We/you/they were not (weren’t) driving | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they had not (hadn’t) driven | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they had not (hadn’t) been driving | |
| yesterday, last week, in January, in 2010, an hour ago | at that moment, at one o’clock, while | by, by the time, before, after, just, when | for, since, before, all day | |
| Past Simple и Past Continuous часто используют вместе, когда нужно показать, что одно действие происходит во время другого: The phone rang while I was watching TV. | ||||
| Future | I/he/she/it/we/you/ they will drive | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they will be driving | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they will have driven | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they will have been driving |
| Will I/he/she/it/we/you/ they drive? | Will I/he/she/it/we/you/ they be driving? | Will I/he/she/it/we/ you/they have driven? | Will I/he/she/it/we/ you/they have been driving? | |
| I/he/she/it/we/you/ they will not (won’t) drive | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they will not (won’t) be driving | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they will not (won’t) have driven | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they will not (won’t) have been driving | |
| next week, tomorrow, in 2032 | next week, tomorrow | by Tuesday, by that time | for five years, for half a week | |
| Для образования будущего времени используются также: – Present Continuous (запланированные действия, обычно при наличии договоренности): We’re driving to Berlin this weekend. – Оборот to be going to (для выражения намерений, будущих действий, признаки которых очевидны): I’m going to become an explorer when I grow up. – Present Simple (действия, которые происходят по расписанию): My plane leaves at six. | ||||
| Future in the Past (будущее действие с точки зрения момента в прошлом, yпотребляется при согласовании времен | I/he/she/it/we/you/ they would drive | I/he/she/it/we/you/ they would be driving | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they would have driven | I/he/she/it/we/ you/they would have been driving |
| Формы Время | Simple | Continuous | Perfect |
| To be в соответствующей форме + III форма смыслового глагола | |||
| Present | I am driven He/she/it is driven We/you/they are driven | I am being driven He/she/it is being driven We/you/they are being driven | I have been driven He/she/it has been driven We/you/they have been driven |
| Past | I/he/she/it was driven We/you/they were driven | I/he/she/it was being driven We/you/they were being driven | I/he/she/it/we/you/they had been driven |
| Future | I/he/she/it/we/you/they will be driven | | I/he/she/it/we/you/they will have been driven |
| Future in the Past | I/he/she/it/we/you/they would be driven | | I/he/she/it/we/you/they would have been driven |
| Модальные глаголы и их значения | Примеры | Заменители | |
| may (might) | 1) разрешение, просьба 2) предположение с оттенком сомнения, допускаемая возможность 3) возможность совершения действия в прошлом 4) в сочетании с основой инфинитива употребляется в придаточных предложениях цели после союзов that,sothat, inorderthat(для того чтобы; чтобы) | He may (might) be here any time. They may still be reading. Helen might have found a new house. Jerrу has told him to meet him next morning so that they may work together. | To be allowed |
| must | 1) для выражения обязанности, необходимости, приказания, настойчивого совета (в утвердительной и вопросительной форме) и запрещения (в отрицательной форме) 2) предположение (почти уверенность) 3) высокая степень вероятности совершения действия в прошлом | He must be there already. They must have left it. They must have had a lovely holiday! You mustn’t do that! | Have to, to be to |
| can | 1) разрешение, возможность, умение, способность 2) сомнение, удивление, недоверие, невероятность (в вопросительной и отрицательной форме) 3) высокая степень вероятности совершения действия в прошлом | They can’t (couldn’t) be there. Can you use a fax machine? He can’t have left. They can’t have had any sleep! | Be able to |
| could | 1) способность совершать действия в прошлом 2) вопросы с просьбой о разрешении 3) неиспользованная возможность совершить действие в прошлом | Tom could read when he was 2 years old. Could I use the phone? We could have gone to the party, but we decided not to in the end. | |
| should | 1) личный совет, мнение, моральная обязанность, рекомендация 2) упрек, порицание 3) вероятность совершения действия в настоящем или будущем | You should change your mind. She shouldn’t have done it. We should hear from Charley this weekend. | |
| ought to | 1) выражение совета 2) вероятность совершения действия в настоящем или будущем | Liam ought to watch TV. We ought to hear from Charley this weekend. | |
| have to | 1) обязанность, необходимость совершения действия в настоящем или будущем 2) в отрицательной форме выражает отсутствие необходимости | You have to press “send”. You don’t have to do it. | |
| need | 1) отсутствие необходимости | You needn’t pay to send e‑mail. | |