Материал: [2.1] 3D Imaging, Analysis and Applications-Springer-Verlag London (2012)

•Identify advantages and disadvantages for DEM generation from different remote sensing approaches.

•Perform DEM generation with available data (possibly through the use of commercial software packages).

9.7 Further Reading

The following books are recommended for the purposes of broadening knowledge in the field, from instruments for raw data acquisition to DEM applications.

1.James B. Campbell (1996), Introduction to Remote Sensing, 2nd edition, Taylor & Francis Ltd—This book provides an introduction level of remote sensing including image acquisition, analysis, and applications. Both passive imaging and active radar are discussed. Spaceborne as well as airborne remote sensing techniques are covered.

2.Peter Burrough, and Rachael A. McDonnell (1998), Principles of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford University Press. Readers may access this book to gain knowledge of spatial science and geographical information systems (GIS).

3.Chris Oliver and Shaun Quegan (1998), Understanding Synthetic Aperture Radar Images, Artech House Inc. This book describes insight of SAR and SAR image analysis and processing. It helps readers gain knowledge of SAR principles and image formation.

4.Ramon F. Hanssen (2001), Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers. This book is specifically dedicated to InSAR. It details fundamentals of radar system theory, interferometric processing, functional models for InSAR, data analysis and error estimation.

5.Norbert Pfeifer and Gottfried Mandlburger (2009), Chap. 11—LIDAR data filtering and DTM generation, Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning—Principles and Processing, Edited by Jie Shan and Charles K. Toth, CRC Press. This book explores LIDAR’s potentials and capabilities in topographic mapping. Chapter 11 describes DEM/DTM generation from LIDAR.

9.8 Questions

1.Outline the procedure of DEM generation from satellite stereoscopic image pairs, and indicate possible advantages of using satellite imagery (relative to the use of airborne imagery) in DEM generation.

2.Briefly discuss the physical principle of InSAR in DEM generation, and outline the processing stages of DEM generation from satellite InSAR.

3.Explain possible issues involved in the processes stated in Q. (2), and explain the related solutions.

4.Compare and contrast DEM generation methods of satellite stereoscopic imagery and InSAR, consider aspects of sensor type, resolution, scale, orbit, timing, wavelengths used, and satellite altitude. You may need additional information from the further reading materials to answer this question.

5.Explain LIDAR operation in DEM/DTM generation and outline the key steps to generate the final DEM/DTM from the raw LIDAR point cloud.

9.9 Exercises

1.Simulate an along-track satellite stereoscopic imaging geometry and establish the geometric model of the prospective projection based on the setting illustrated in Fig. 9.2(left).

2.For the across-track satellite stereoscopic imaging shown in Fig. 9.2(right), derive the mathematical model of the perspective projection geometry associated with the cameras and the terrain surface and speculate possible errors which affect the accuracy of final DEMs generated from this setting.

3.Write an essay which discusses state-of-the-art stereo image matching algorithms specifically used for DEM generation from satellite stereoscopic imagery. In preparation of this essay, you may look for image matching algorithms used in commercial DEM generation software products.

4.Based on the discussion in Sect. 9.3.1.2, derive the phase unwrapping algorithms of branch-cuts and least squares.

5.Earth observation based on satellite missions normally is very expensive so that it requires resources of a national government to fund the related projects. Many people question whether it is necessary to spend government funds for such programs. Write an essay, with your argument, to justify the costs. You may choose positive or negative views.

6.Compare LIDAR filtering techniques introduced in this chapter and implement them in your choice of programming language.

7.Implement the Skewness Balancing algorithm in a programming language of your choice, and apply it to a LIDAR point cloud data set to generate a DEM. You may access the LIDAR data at http://www.commission3.isprs.org/wg4/.

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