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МОДУЛЬ 1

APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите правила образования множественного числа существительных в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Множественное число существительных, кроме тех, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x, а также существительных, имеющих окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -s:

a book – books, a pen – pens, a girl – girls.

Множественное число существительных, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, - s, -ss, -sh, -x, а также имеющих окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления окончания -es:

a bench – benches, a bus – buses, a box – boxes, a potato – potatoes.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после согласной) во множественном числе имеют окончание -ies:

a baby – babies, a fly – flies, a lady – ladies.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после гласной) во множественном числе имеют окончание -s:

a boy – boys, a toy – toys.

Если слово оканчивается на f(-fe), то во множественном числе f меняется на v и добавляется -(es):

a life – lives, a knife – knives, a shelf – shelves, a wife – wives

(исключение: roof крыша – roofs)

Как читаются окончания существительных во множественном числе?

•-s читается как [s] после глухих согласных: books, cats;

•-s читается как [z] после звонких согласных и гласных: pens, boys;

•-es читается как [iz] после s, ss, sh, ch, x, z: boxes.

Ряд существительных образует множественное число не по общим правилам:

а) изменяется корневая гласная: a man – теп, a woman – women, a foot – feet, a tooth – teeth, a goose – geese, a mouse – mice.

б) добавляется окончание -еп: an ох – oxen, a child – children.

в) заимствуются формы единственного и множественного числа из латинского и греческого языков: a formula – formulae (formulas), a crisis – crises, a criterion – criteria, an index – indices, a bacterium – bacteria.

В английском языке есть существительные, которые имеют одну (общую) форму для единственного и множественного числа: a deer – deer, a sheep – sheep, a fish – fish, a swine – swine.

Некоторые существительные могут употребляться в форме только

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

A computer is a machine that provides data and information according to well defined rules. Computers have existed for much of human history. Examples of early computers are the astrolabe and the abacus.

At present a great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicating, and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research institutes, plants. The use of computers in business, industry, and communication services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in making different decisions and in management of economy.

The work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily operators. Computers form a part of many military systems including communication and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on-board environment and research.

Computers find application in astronomy and upper atmosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.

It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning, pattern recognition and image processing. Technicians can operate computer tomography scanners, which combine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.

It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more time with computer-aided instruction performing the assigned task, as compared with conventional classroom.

At last air traffic control is impossible without computer application. It fully depends on computer-generated information.

Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post-industrial, or information, society.

4. Завершите предложения:

1.A computer is a machine that provides …and … according to well defined …

2.Examples of early computers are …and …

3.… are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry.

4.Computers form a part of many … systems.

5.As a part of military system computers are applied for automatic …and automatic …

6.Computers are used for … scanning and … processing.

7.Air traffic control fully depends on … information.

8.Students spend more time with computer-aided … performing the assigned task.

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.Computers have existed for much of human history.

2.Examples of early computers are robots and calculators.

3.You can hardly see a computer in homes, offices, stores, schools, research institutes, plants, banks.

4.The use of computers in business, astronomy, industry, automatic navigation and communication services is widespread today.

5.Computers cannot be used as medical diagnostic tools.

6.Computers are widely used in higher educational establishments.

7.Air traffic control is sometimes possible without computer application.

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What is a computer?

2.What are the examples of early computers?

3.In what spheres of life can computers be used?

4.What devices are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry?

5.People of what professions can use computers in their lives?

6.Computer is widely used as the means of communication, isn’t it?

7.How is computer used in medicine?

8.Why is it more interesting to learn with the help of computer?

7. Выберите нужную форму глагола.

1.The money (is, are) on the desk.

2.Where (is, are) the money? – Here (is, are) the money.

3.The news (is, are) very good.

4.There (is, are) no news.

5.He gave me (a piece, pieces) of good advice.

6.What (is, are) the news?

МОДУЛЬ 2

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

2. Повторите правила и приведите примеры личных и указательных местоимений.

Местоимения употребляются в предложении вместо имени существительного или имени прилагательного. Местоимение называет людей, предметы или признаки уже упомянутые ранее. Например:

Личные местоимения (Personal pronouns)

Слова, обозначающие мужчин (man, boy, son, husband, king), относятся к мужскому роду и заменяются местоимением he (он). Слова, обозначающие женщин (girl, woman, daughter, queen) относятся к женскому роду и заменяются местоимением she (она). Слова, обозначающие вещи (table, chair, book, clock) относятся к среднему роду, и заменяются местоимением it. Местоимение they (они) относится ко всем трем родам. После местоимения you глагол-сказуемое всегда стоит во множественном числе: You are a student. Ты студент.

Склонение личных местоимений

Указательные местоимения (Demonstrative рronouns) Указательные местоимения this и that имеют единственное и множественное

Указательное местоимение such имеет одну неизменяемую форму. Например: I like such books. Мне нравятся такие книги.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The very first personal computer was created by the engineers of American firm Xerox. That firm has presented the world a photocopier known under the name “copier”. Already on the first personal computers the graphic interface very similar to modern graphic Windows environment back was applied. Since then has passed a lot of time, and now the range of constructive decisions of personal computers is very wide. But despite of external constructive distinctions all personal computers are very similar against each other. The modern personal computer includes the following devices:

-The processor which is carrying out management of the computer, calculations

-The keyboard, allowing to enter symbols into the computer;

-The monitor (display) for the image of the textual and graphic information;

-Stores (disk drives) on the floppy disks (diskettes), used for reading and record of the information;

-The store on a rigid magnetic disk (Winchester) intended for record and reading

of the information.

The personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual today. Moreover, as it has become financially feasible to provide a computer to the individual worker, so also technical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly friendly, so that a wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.

A personal computer is a small computer based on a microprocessor. It is a