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microcomputer. Not all computers, however, are personal computers. A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the injection of fuel into an automobile engine. It can be a word processor, a video game, or a “pocket computer” that is not quite a computer. A personal computer is something different: a stand-alone computer that puts a wide array of capabilities at the disposal of an individual.

The first generation of true personal computers, which came on the market between 1977 and 1981, had eight-bit microprocessors; later introduced systems had 16-bits ones. Now 32-bit microprocessor chips are available, and soon they will be included in complete computer systems.

4. Напишите предложения в отрицательной форме, обратите внимание на выделенныеглаголы:

1.The very first personal computer was created by the engineers of American firm Xerox.

2.That firm has presented the world a photocopier known under the name “copier”.

3.Now the range of constructive decisions of personal computers is very wide.

4.The modern personal computer includes the following devices.

5.The processor is carrying out management of the computer.

6.The keyboard allows to enter symbols into the computer.

7.The personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual today.

8.A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task.

9.Soon the chips will be included in complete computer systems.

5. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.Who was the first computer created by?

2.Is the range of constructive decisions of personal computers wide or limited?

3.What devices does the modern personal computer include?

4.What are the functions of the processor?

5.What does the keyboard allow to do?

6.What is the monitor intended for?

7.How are stores on the floppy disks used?

8.What is intended for record and reading of the information?

9.What is a microcomputer?

10.When did the first generation of true personal computers come on the market?

6. Выпишите из текста предложения на темы:

1)The first personal computer.

2)The main parts of the computer.

3)Spheres of application of personal computers.

7. Выберите нужную форму местоимения:

1.Where's that naughty dog? We can't find him___________. a) somewhere b) anywhere c) nowhere

2.We've done___________ possible. But all in vain.

a) something b) anything c) everything

3. There was__________ in the room. It was empty. a) nobody b)anybody c) somebody

4.I couldn't see_________ in the dark. a) someone b) anything c) everyone

5.____should be present at the meeting. A very serious question will be discussed. a) someone b) any one c) everyone

6.Where's my wallet? I put it_________ over here.

a) somewhere b) anywhere c) nowhere

7.Can I do___________ to improve the situation? a) something b) anything c) everything

8.I've heard________ about this project but I don't know all the details. a) something b) anything c) everything

9) ______ was noticed leaving the house that night apart from Mr. Blake himself. Not a single person.

a) Someone b) No one c) Everyone

10.______who was present at the party was questioned by the Inspector. All of them were suspected.

a) Everybody b) Nobody c) Someone

МОДУЛЬ 3

ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL COMPUTER

2. Повторите правила употребления вопросительных и неопределенных местоимений в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Вопросительные местоимения Эти местоимения употребляются в вопросительных предложениях.

What (что, какой, какая, какое, какие)

What is it? Что это такое? What book is it? Какая это книга?

Who (кто)

Who is this man? Кто этот человек?

Whose (чей)

Whose pencil is it? Чей это карандаш?

Which (который)

Which of these books is yours? Которая из этих книг твоя?

When (когда)

When does the lesson begin? Когда начинается урок?

Why (почему, зачем)

Why did you come here? Почему вы пришли сюда?

How (как)

How are you? Как поживаете?

How many (much) (сколько)

Вопросительное местоимение what относится к cловам, обозначающим вещи, предметы, явления. Вопросительное местоимение who относится к cловам, обозначающим людей. Однако, обратите внимание:

Who is he? Кто он? (как его зовут) Не is Mr Johnson. What is he? Кто он? (по профессии) Не is a broker.

Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение по и их производные

Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения. В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:

Give me something to read, please. Дайте мне что-нибудь почитать, пожалуйста. I met him somewhere before. Я встречал его где-то раньше.

Ввопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:

Have you seen him anywhere? Вы видели его где-нибудь?

Is there anything I can do for you? Могу ли я что-нибудь для вас сделать?

Вотрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные:

I cannot find this book anywhere. Я не могу нигде найти эту книгу.

–либо отрицательное местоимение no:

There is nobody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.

There isn't anybody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.

Различия между местоимениями any и some – в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях:

You can find this book anywhere. Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

An analog computer is a device that simulates the behavior of another system – usually a physical system. A very simple and widely used analog computer is the sliderule on which distances are equivalent to logarithms of numbers. The devices known as analog computers are assemblies of electronic or electrical circuits the behavior of which is analogous to another (mechanical) system’s behavior.

The evolution of the adding machine has culminated in electronic digital computers in which electronic signals are used as the operative discrete signals. The simplest digital computer is the human hand, from which the decimal system is derived. The first man-made digital computer was probably the abacus, which is still used in many countries. The basic sections of digital computers are therefore:

Input: receives the “raw data” and instructions from external sources and converts them into a suitable form for a computer to work on.

Store: memorizes numbers and instructions. Calculator: does mathematic operations. Control: initiates and follows the operations.

Output: presents the result of the calculations in an acceptable form.

When an ordinary desk calculating machine is used, the operator controls the sequence of operations. He supplies the input data and records the results. Also he may have to provide additional information from tables and other sources during the calculation. In the case of electronic computers working at extremely high speeds, the human operators are replaced by automatic devices. It is necessary to provide a store to hold both the numbers that are fed into the computer and the operating instruction. The digital computer differs from the analog computer in that it deals with numbers and not physical quantities.

Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide inputs to the control centers of these systems, which will be small digital computers.

4. Определите истинность или ложность следующих предложений:

1. A digital computer is a device that simulates the behavior of another system, often a physical system, in all its stages.

2.A very complex widely used analog computer is the slide-rule on which distances are equivalent to logarithms of numbers.

3.The digital computer doesn’t differ from analog computer.

4.The second man-made digital computer was probably the abacus, which is still used in many regions.

5.A very simple and widely used analog computer isn’t the slide-rule on which distances are equivalent to logarithms of numbers.

6.The simplest digital computer isn’t the human hand.

7.The evolution of the adding machine has culminated in electronic digital computers in which electronic signals are not used as the operative discrete signals.

8.When an ordinary desk calculating machine is used, the operator can’t control the sequence of operations.

9.The human operators are replaced by automatic devices.

5. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму:

1.An analog computer is an electronic device.

2.The digital computer differs from the analog computer.

3.The first man-made digital computer was probably the abacus.

4.The human operators are replaced by automatic devices.

5.Store memorizes numbers and instructions.

6.Укажите исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные, выберите нужное слово из предложенных в скобках:

1.There are very (much, many) people in the restaurant.

2.There isn’t (many, much) beer in the bottle.

3.Is there (much, many) coffee in the cup?

4.Give me (a few, a little) travellers' cheques.

5.There are (many, much) visitors in Moscow now.

6.(A few, a little) passengers are going to the Departure Control

7.He had (a little, a few) luggage with him.

8.Will you give me (a few, a little) wine, please?

9.There are very (few, little) restaurants in this street.

10.How (much, many) time have you got? I'll call you back in (a few, a little) minutes.

7. Изложите кратко содержание тем:

1)The advantages and disadvantages of analog and digital computers.

2)The evolution of computers.

3)The difference between analog and digital computers.