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ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner. Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a
keyboard did not provide the design capabilities of graphics and text representation on display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usually used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.
The mouse is an optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user’s orientation on the display. The mouse’s primary functions are to help the user draw, point and select images on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.
In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase images. When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse’s vertical movements, the other is tracking horizontal movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giving the user good control over the textual and graphical images.
In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.
Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in drawing and inputting manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of a special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permitting capacity, that is the number of lines per inch, and their capability to respond to the force of pen pressing.
Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photographs, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.
Digital videocameras have been spread recently. They enable getting videoimages and photographs directly in digital computer format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high-quality photos.
Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digital form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joysticks are widely used in computer games.
4.Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:
1.What devices are used for inputting information into the computer?
2.What was the most common device in early personal computers?
3.What is the function of a keyboard?
4.Why do many users prefer manipulators to keyboard?
5.How does the mouse operate?
6.What is its function?
7.What role does the ball on the bottom of the mouse play?
8.What is used in portable computers instead of manipulators?
9.What is the touch pad’s principle of operation?
10.Where are graphical plotters applied?
5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
Введение информации; координатные устройства ввода; мышь; сенсорная панель; графические планшеты; числовая и текстовая информация; цифровые камеры; стандартная клавиатура; режим работы; презентация текста на мониторе; графический интерфейс; программные средства; оптикомеханическое устройство ввода; двойное нажатие; разрешающая способность.
6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.
7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:
l. When I (brought / was bringing) in the papers he (spoke / was speaking) on the phone. 2. When I (entered / was entering) they (discussed / were discussing) something.
3.He (felt / was feeling) that somebody (watched / was watching ) him.
4.I (met / was meeting) him while I (made / was making) a tour of France.
5.I (paid / was paying) my check when I (heard / was hearing) someone call my name.
6.I (turned / was turning) round and (saw / was seeing) Jenny.
7.Pardon, (I didn't hear / wasn't hearing) what you (said / were saying)!
8.I (finished / was finishing) shopping and (went / was going) home.
9.I (asked / was asking) her if she (knew / was knowing) any good Spanish restaurant there.
10.When I (came / was coming) back home I (took / was taking) an aspirin and (went / was going) to bed.
11.When Ruth (looked out / was looking out) of the window she (saw / was seeing) that it (still snowed / was still snowing).
МОДУЛЬ 10
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме: |
устройство |
||
central processing |
центральный |
control unit (CU) |
|
unit (CPU) |
процессор (ЦП) |
|
управления |
interchangeably |
взаимозаменяемым |
arithmetic-logic unit |
арифметико- |
|
образом |
(ALU) |
логическое |
|
|
|
устройство |
precisely |
точно |
switch |
переключатель, |
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|
|
коммутатор; |
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|
|
переключать, |
|
|
|
переходить |
internal memory |
внутренняя память, |
to direct |
направлять, |
|
внутреннее |
|
адресовывать, |
|
запоминающее |
|
указывать; прямой, |
||
|
устройство |
|
|
непосредственный |
|
activity |
деятельность, работа |
to select |
выбирать, |
|
|
|
действия операции |
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выделять |
(на |
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|
|
|
|
экране) |
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to issue |
посылать |
(сигнал) |
step-by-step |
пошаговые |
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|
выводить, |
выдавать |
operations |
операции |
|
|
(сообщение) |
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|
возведение |
в |
response |
ответ, |
отклик |
exponentiation |
||
|
реакция |
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|
степень |
|
input-output port |
порт ввода-вывода |
to load |
загружать, |
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выполнять |
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загрузку |
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2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.
Глаголы в формах Perfect выражают действие завершенное, приведшее к определенному результату (или к отсутствию результата).
Можно сказать, что с помощью форм Perfect мы подводим итоги определенному периоду времени, определенных действий.
Время подведения итогов — либо настоящий момент (Present Perfect): I have written the letter. Я (только что) написал письмо;
либо момент в прошлом (Past Perfect):
I had written the letter when he came. Я написал письмо, когда он пришел. (Действие завершилось раньше другого в прошлом);
либо — в будущем (Future Perfect):
I will have written the letter by 10 o'clock tomorrow. Я напишу письмо к 10 часам завтра. (Действие завершится к определенному моменту в будущем).
Формы глагола в Present Perfect
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Oтрицательная форма |
|
|
|
|
ед. |
I have asked. Не(she, it) |
Have I asked? Наs he |
I have not asked. Не (she, |
|
has asked |
(she, it) asked? |
it) has not asked. |
мн. |
We (уоu, they) have |
Have we (уоu, they) |
We (уоu, they) have not |
|
asked. |
asked? |
asked. |
|
Формы глагола в Past Perfect |
|
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Oтрицательная форма |
|
|
|
|
ед. и |
I (he, she, it, уоu, we, |
Had I (he, she, it, уоu, |
I (he, she, it, уоu, we, |
мн. |
they) had asked. |
we, they) asked? |
they) had not asked. |
Past Perfect употребляется:
1.для выражения действия, завершившегося до какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом: Не had read the book by 10 o'clock yesterday. – Он прочел книгу до десяти часов (к десяти часам) вечера. When we came to the airport the plane had already landed. – Когда мы приехали в аэропорт, самолет уже приземлился.
2.для обозначения действия, которое завершилось до другого действия,
длящегося в прошлом: Не had read the book and was watching TV when I came. –
Когда я пришел, он уже прочитал книгу и смотрел телевизор.
Формы глагола в Future Perfect
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Oтрицательная форма |
|
|
|
|
ед. |
I shall have asked. He |
Shall I have asked? |
I shall not have asked. He |
|
(she, it) will have asked. |
Will he (she, it) have |
(she, it) will not have |
|
asked? |
asked. |
|
мн. |
Wе shall have asked. |
Shall we have asked? |
We shall not have asked. |
|
Yоu (they) will have |
Will уоu (they) hаvе |
Yоu (they) will not have |
|
asked. |
asked? |
asked. |
Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет происходить до определенного момента или другого действия в будущем и завершится или прекратится до него.
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
It is a well-known fact in computer science that the words “computer” and “processor” are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, “computer” refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufacturers have designed the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.
The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required, it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory, and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.
In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one or two states, either on or off.
The function of the CU in the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is the part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main
storage and the arithmetic-logic unit.
The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.
Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.
4. Вставьте необходимые слова:
1.The word “computer” refers to the … (CPU) together with an … memory.
2.The internal …, control and … components make up the heart of the computer system.
3.The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by … to other parts of the system and by acting on …
4.In … …the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU).
5.The …is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.
6.CU and ALU are made up of … …
5.Найдите ответы на вопросы в тексте:
1.What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why?
2.What components make up the heart of the computer system?
3.What is the function of the CPU?
4.In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system?
5.What is the sequence of operations the CPU performs (use five verbs)?
6.What are the CPU functional units made of?
7.What is the function of the CU?
8.What operations are performed in the ALU?
9.Where are data processed?
10.Where are data to be processed loaded?
6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.
7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:
1.They__________ the company two years ago.
a)started b) have started
2.He__________ the Managing Director of the company since 1990.
a)was b) has been
3.We________ the project yet.
a)didn't finish b) haven't finished