Документ: Oxford American Handbook of Urology ( PDFDrive ), страницы 716-720

Sexual differentiation, 552–3 abnormal, 554–6

normal, 552–3 Shy–Drager syndrome. See

Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

Sildenaﬁ l (Viagra), 490 Silodosin, 76, 511

Simple retropubic approach, 88–9

SIOP (International Society of Pediatric Oncology) treatment, 328–9

Skeletal-related events (SREs), 238–9

Sodium bicarbonate, 492 Sodium regulation, 666 Solifenacin, 122 Sorafenib, 293

South African star grass, 82 Spermatogenesis, 466, 467 Spermatozoon, 468

Sperm function tests, 472–4 Spermicides, avoidance

of, 143

Sphincter abnormalities, 112–13

Sphincter behavior in patient with neurological disease, 506–7

Sphincter electromyography (EMG)

Sphincter weakness incontinence, treatment of

artiﬁcial urinary sphincter, 120–1

injection therapy, 116 pubovaginal slings, 118 retropubic suspension, 117

Spinal cord compression, 464

Spiral CT, 50 Spleen, enlarged

characteristics and causes of, 24

Spongioﬁbrosis, excision of, 107

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 250

of penis. See also Penis, neoplasia

incidence and etiology, 314

investigations, 318 pathology and staging of

penile SCC, 314–16 presentation, 318

risk factors, 314 treatment, 318–19

Stab wound, 420

Staging of renal injury, 423

Staphylococcus epidermis, 542

Stenting after ureteroscopy, 646

Stents, 594–7, 595–7 indications and uses, 594 materials, 594 symptoms and

complications, 594–5 types, 594

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) platforms, 226–7

Sterilization of urological equipment, 604–5

autoclaving, 604

chemical sterilization, 604 Variant Creutzfeldt

Jacob disease (vCJD), 604–5

Stone disease, 355 bladder stones, 400 calcium oxalate stone

formation, prevention of, 398–9

kidney stones calcium oxalate, 362

calcium phosphate, 363 composition, 358 cystine, 364 dissolution therapy,

384–5 electrohydraulic

lithotripsy (EHL), 374 epidemiology, 356–7 evaluation, 366–7 extracorporeal

lithotripsy (ESWL), 372–3

ﬂexible ureteroscopy and laser treatment, 378–9

laser lithotripsy, 376 mechanisms of

formation, 360

open stone surgery, 383 percutaneous

nephrolithotomy (PCNL), 380

pneumatic (ballistic) lithotripsy, 374

presentation and diagnosis, 368

struvite, 363 treatment options,

370–1

types and predisposing factors, 358–9 ultrasonic lithotripsy,

374–5

uric acid, 362–3 watchful waiting, 370–1

ureteric stones acute management,

390–1

INDEX 687

diagnostic radiological imaging, 388

indications for intervention to relieve obstruction and/or remove the stone, 392–3

management in pregnancy, 422–4

presentation, 386–7 treatment, 394, 396–7

Storage and emptying problems, clinical consequences of, 508

high-pressure sphincter, 508

low-pressure sphincter, 508

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), 20, 110–1

signiﬁcance, 20 Strontium-89, 242 Struvite, 363

Suction drains, 586, 588 Sunitinib, 293

Superﬁcial UC management adjuvant intravesical

chemotherapy and BCG, 258–9

transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), 256

Supra-12th rib incision, 629 Suprapubic catheterization,

88, 98–9 contraindications98 indications, 98

suprapubic catheter (SPC), 516–17

technique, 98–9 Surveillance, active, 232 Surveillance protocol,

216–17

Systemic inﬂammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 156–9

T

Tadalaﬁ l (Cialis), 490 Tamsulosin, 76, 169, 390–1,

511 Taxanes, 265

99mTc-DMSA, 546 Telescopes and light

sources in urological endoscopy, 606–7

Hopkins rod-lens system, 606

lighting, 606 Temsirolimus, 293 Teratoma, 33 Terazosin, 76, 169, 511

688	INDEX
	Testicular adnexa, tumors	surgical management,
	of, 321	460–1
	adenomatoid tumors, 321	Testicular tumor, 22, 33
	cystadenoma of	acute presentations of,
	epididymis, 321	22–3
	mesothelioma, 321	Testicular venous drainage,
	paratesticular tumors, 321	478
	Testicular appendages, 461	Testis
	torsion of, 22	gumma of, 33
	Testicular biopsy, 472–4,	undescended, 31
	476–7	Testosterone, 64, 65,
	Testicular cancer	466, 552
	clinical presentation,	Tetracycline, 162–3
	296–8	Third-generation
	differential diagnosis, 296	cephalosporin, 520–1
	epidemiology and etiology,	Tissue transfer, 107
	294	Tolterodine, 82, 122, 511
	incidence and mortality,	Transforming growth
	294	factors, 64
	intratubular germ cell	Transitional cell cancer/
	neoplasia (IGCN), 308	carcinoma (TCC), 6–7
	investigations, 296–8	of renal pelvis and ureter,
	lymphoma management,	270–2
	309	investigations, 270–1
	metastatic germ cell	pathology and staging,
	cancer, prognostic	270
	staging system for, 303	presentation, 270
	nonseminomatous germ	risk factors, 270–2
	cell tumors (NSGCT),	staging, 270–1
	management of, 304–7	treatment and prognosis,
	chemotherapy, 305–6	271–2
	chemotherapy	Transrectal ultrasonography
	complications, 306	(TRUS), 40, 70, 202–3
	RPLND, 306–7	with biopsy, 202
	surveillance and	without biopsy, 202
	follow-up after	biopsy protocol, 203
	treatment, 306	prostatic biopsy,
	pathology and staging, 300	complications of, 203
	seminoma, 308–9	Transureteroureterostomy,
	serum markers, 299	434–5, 438
	cellular enzymes, 299	Transurethral
	clinical use, 299	electrovaporization of
	oncofetal proteins, 299	the prostate (TUVP), 86
	signs, 296	Transurethral microwave
	symptoms, 296	thermotherapy (TUMT),
	treatment, 298	84–5
	Testicular injuries, 454	Transurethral
	blunt trauma, testicular	radiofrequency needle
	ultrasound in, 454	ablation (TUNA) of the
	exploration in scrotal	prostate, 84
	trauma, indications	Transurethral resection
	for, 454	(TUR) syndrome, 583
	history and examination,	Transurethral resection of
	454	bladder tumor (TURBT),
	mechanisms, 454	5, 254, 256, 260–2,
	Testicular self-examination	614–15
	(TSE), 294	follow-up after, 256
	Testicular torsion, 22	indications, 614
	deﬁnition, 460	operative and
	history and examination,	postoperative
	460	complications and their
	differential diagnosis and	management, 614–15
	investigations, 460	postoperative care, 614

procedure-speciﬁc consent form, 615

transurethral fulguration, 256

Transurethral resection of ejaculatory ducts (TURED), 477–8

Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP), 70, 193, 203, 612–13

indications for, 88 invasive surgical

alternatives to, 86–7 and open prostatectomy,

88–9

options to avoid, 94

risks and outcomes of, for retention, 94

surgical alternatives to, 84–5

Transurethral ultrasoundguided laser-induced prostatectomy (TULIP), 86

Transverse myelitis, 525–6 bladder dysfunction in,

525–6

Trial without catheter (TWOC), 94

Triamterene, 358–9 Tricyclics (amitriptyline),

122, 174 Trimethoprim, 143, 145,

520–1 Trimethoprim-

sulfamethoxazole (TMPSMZ), 169

Trospium chloride, 82, 122 T stages of prostate cancer,

206, 207 Tube drains, 586

Tuberculosis, 176–7 investigations, 177 pathogenesis, 176 presentation, 176 treatment 177

Tuberculous epididymoorchitis, 33

Tuberous sclerosis, 558 Tumor suppressor genes,

188–9

U

UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 84

Ultrasonic lithotripsy, 374–5 Ultrasonography (US), 6 Ultrasound, 40

uses of, 40–1 bladder, 40 prostate, 40 renal, 40

		INDEX	689
testes, 40–1	deﬁnition, 410	associated with pelvic
urethra, 40	iatrogenic, 410	fractures, 440–2
Umbilical cyst/sinus, 25	investigations, 410	in females, 448
Umbilicus, 25	treatment options, 410–2	Urethral sphincter, somatic
causes of, 25	ureteroenteric strictures,	motor innervation
Uncomplicated urinary tract	412	of, 501
infection, 134–5, 138	Ureter innervation, 417	Urethral stricture disease,
Undescended testes, 540–1	afferent, 417	106–7
Unilateral obstruction, 463	autonomic, 417	anterior urethra, 106
Unilateral obstruction of a	Ureterocele, 548	balanitis xerotica
ureter (UUO), 414	Ureteropelvic junction	obliterans (BXO), 107
Unilateral ureteral	(UPJ), 416	management, 106
obstruction, 242	Ureteropelvic junction	posterior urethra, 106
Unresolved infection, 134–5	(UPJ) obstruction, 549.	symptoms and signs, 106
Upper tract ﬁlling, 5	See also Pelviureteric	treatment options, 107
Upper tract imaging study, 6	junction obstruction	Urethral syndrome, 141
Upper tract obstruction	(PUJO)	Urethritis, 140–1
ureteric strictures	deﬁnition, 346–7	Urethrography, 48
(other than UPJO),	epidemiology, 346	Urge urinary incontinence
management of, 410–2	etiology, 346	(UUI), 20, 110–1
ureter innervation, 417	investigation, 346	signiﬁcance, 20
urinary tract obstruction,	presentation, 346	Uric acid, 362–3
pathophysiology of,	treatment	Urinary diversion, 513
414–15	pyeloplasty, 347	Urinary extravasation, 426
urine ﬂow from kidneys	surgery, 347	Urinary incontinence in
to bladder, physiology	Ureteroscopes and	adults, 20–1. See also
of, 416	ureteroscopy, 646–9	Incontinence
Urachal abnormalities, 26	complications, 646	bed wetting, 21
Ureteral injuries	instruments, 646	deﬁnitions, 20
and bladder injuries, 440–1	laser lithotripsy, 646	diagnosis and
diagnosis	patient position, 646	management, 21
of external injury, 432	procedure-speciﬁc	signiﬁcance, 20
of iatrogenic injury, 432	consent form, 646	total incontinence, 21
intraoperative diagnosis,	stenting after	Urinary retention, acute
432	ureteroscopy, 646	causes, 91
postoperative diagnosis,	technique of ﬂexible	in men, 90
432	ureteroscopy and	in women, 91
management, 434–5	laser treatment for	deﬁnition, 90
pelvic fractures,	intrarenal stones, 646	deﬁnitive management
association with, 441	ureteric dilatation, 646	in men, 94
symptoms and signs, 433	ureteroscopic irrigation	in women, 94
symptoms and signs in	system, 646	initial management, 94
pelvic fracture, 441–2	Ureteroscopic irrigation	pathophysiology, 90
types, causes, and	system, 646	postoperative retention,
mechanisms, 432	Ureterosigmoidostomy,	risk factors for, 91
Ureteral obstruction, 242	266, 268	transurethral resection of
Ureteric dilatation, 646	Urethra, physiology of, 660	the prostate (TURP)
Ureteric stones	Urethra, sensory innervation	options to avoid, 94
acute management, 390–1	of, 503	risks and outcomes of,
diagnostic radiological	Urethral cancer, 322–4	for retention, 94
imaging, 388	differential diagnosis, 322	Urinary retention, 72–3,
indications for	investigations, 322	242
intervention to relieve	pathology and staging, 322	Urinary tract, 538
obstruction and/or	presentation, 322	lower urinary tract, 538
remove the stone,	risk factors, 322	radiological imaging of,
392–3	staging, 324	40–1
management in pregnancy,	treatment, 323–4	upper urinary tract, 538
422–4	Urethral catheterization,	Urinary tract infection
pain, 16	94, 96–7	(UTI), 5
presentation, 386–7	indications, 96	antimicrobial drug therapy,
treatment, 394, 396–7	technique, 96–7	146
Ureteric strictures, 410–2	Urethral dilatation, 107	bacterial resistance to
causes, 410	Urethral injuries	drug therapy, 146

690		INDEX
		bacterial virulence, factors	retrograde pyelography,	hydrocele and epididymal
		increasing, 138–9	48	cyst removal, 620–1
		complicated, 134–5, 138	urethrography, 48	ileal conduit, 640–1
		complications, 534	voiding	irrigating ﬂuids and
		deﬁnition, 134–5, 534	cystourethrography	techniques of bladder
		deﬁnitive treatment,	(VCUG), 48	washout, 592
		146–7	Urological eponyms, 669–72	JJ stents, 594–7, 630–1
		host defenses, 139	Urological incisions, 628–9	laparoscopic surgery,
		in children, 542–3	complications, 629	652–3
		incidence, 135, 534	lower midline,	lasers, 598–600
		in pregnancy, 534	extraperitoneal, 628	nephrectomy and
		investigations, 135–7	midline, transperitoneal,	nephroureterectomy,
		pathogenesis, 534	628	632–3
		recurrent, 520–1	Pfannenstiel, 628–9	nesbit procedure, 622
		causes, 520	supra-12th rib incision,	optical urethrotomy, 616
		history, 520	629	orchiectomy, 626–7
		indications for	Urological investigations	patient preparation, 572
		treatment, 520	computed tomography	patient safety in operating
		investigations, 520	(CT), 50	room, 582
		management, 521	uses, 50	percutaneous
		treatment, 520–1	cystometry, 60–1	nephrolithotomy
		risk factors, 534	intravenous pyelography	(PCNL), 642–4
		route of infection, 138	(IVP), 44–6	pyeloplasty, 650–1
		screening tests, 534	magnetic resonance	radical cystectomy, 636–8
		treatment, 534	imaging (MRI), uses	radical prostatectomy,
		uncomplicated, 138	of, 50–1	634–5
	Urinary tract obstruction,		plain abdominal	scrotal exploration
		pathophysiology of,	radiography, uses	for torsion and
		414–15	of, 42	orchiopexy, 656–7
	Urine culture and collection,		post-void residual urine	sterilization of urological
		136–7	volume measurement,	equipment, 604–5
	Urine cytology, 38		58	telescopes and light
	Urine dipsticks test, 2,		pressure-ﬂow studies,	sources in urological
		135–6	60–1	endoscopy, 606–7
	Urine examination, 36–7		prostatic speciﬁc antigen	transurethral resection
		dipstick testing, 36–7	(PSA), 39	(TUR) syndrome, 583
		urine microscopy, 37	radioisotope imaging, 52–3	transurethral resection
	Urine ﬂow from kidneys		radiological imaging of the	of bladder tumor
		to bladder, physiology	urinary tract, 40–1	(TURBT), 614–15
		of, 416	urine cytology, 38	transurethral resection
	Urine ﬂow rate,		urine examination, 36–7	of prostate (TURP),
		interpretation and	uroﬂowmetry, 54–6	612–13
		misinterpretation of, 54	urological contrast	ureteroscopes and
	Urine microscopy, 37, 136		studies, 48	ureteroscopy, 646–9
		casts, 37	videocystometry, 60–1	urological incisions, 628–9
		crystals, 37	Urological surgery and	vasectomy and
		red blood cell	equipment, 571–657	vasovasostomy, 624–5
		morphology, 37	antibiotic prophylaxis, 574	Urological symptoms and
	Urine storage, physiology		catheters and drains,	signs
		of, 504	584–6	abdominal examination
	Uroﬂowmetry, 54–6		circumcision, 618–19	in urological disease,
		low ﬂow, 54–6	complications, 576–8	24–5
		urine ﬂow rate,	consent, 608–9	digital rectal examination
		interpretation and	cystoscopy, 610–1	(DRE), 28–9
		misinterpretation of, 54	diathermy, 601–3	ﬂank pain, 16–19
	Urolithiasis, 16		endoscopic	genital symptoms, 22–3
	Urological and		cystolitholapaxy and	hematospermia, 8–9
		nonurological ﬂank	(open) cystolithotomy,	hematuria I, 2
		pain, 18	654	hematuria II, 4–7
	Urological contrast studies,		ﬂuid balance and	lower urinary tract
	48		management of shock,	symptoms (LUTS),
		cystography, 48	580–1	10–3
		ileal loopogram, 48	guide wires, 590–1	lumps in groin, 30–1

lumps in scrotum, 32–4 nocturia, 14–15 urinary incontinence in

adults, 20–1 Urosepsis, 156–9

causes, 156 empirical antibiotic

recommendations for treatment of, 158–9

investigations, 157 management, 157 treatment, 157–8

Urothelial carcinoma, 5, 248–50

Uroxatral, 390–1

V

VAC (vacuum-assisted closure) dressing, 160–1

Vacuum erection device, 490–1

Vagino-obturator shelf/ paravaginal repair, 117

Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP), 21, 115

Valsalva maneuver, 266–8 Vaporization, 86–7 Vardenaﬁl (Levitra), 490 Variant Creutzfeldt Jacob

disease (vCJD), 604–5 Varicocele, 33, 478–80 Vascular endothelial growth

factor (VEGF), 278–9 Vasectomy, 624–5 Vasopressin. See

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Vasovasostomy, 624, 625 Venous thromboembolism

(VTE), 576–8 prevention, 578

Vesicourachal diverticulum, 25

Vesicoureteric reﬂux (VUR), 544–5

in adults

associated disorders, 342

classiﬁcation, 342 investigation, 343 management, 343–4 pathophysiology, 342 presentation, 343 secondary reﬂux, 344,

345

Vesicovaginal ﬁstula (VVF), 130–1

etiology, 130 examination, 130 management, 130 surgery, 130–1 symptoms, 130

Veterans Affairs Combination Therapy Study, 80–1

Videocystometry, 60–1 Visual laser ablation of the

prostate (VLAP), 86 Voiding cystourethrography

(VCUG), 48, 546 Voiding dysfunction

major, 566 mild, 566 moderate, 566

Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome, 278–9, 558

INDEX 691

W

Wag artifact, 54 Warfarin, 577–8

Wasson study of watchful waiting vs. TURP, 74–5 Watchful waiting, 216–17,

232, 370–1, 390–1 Water intake, 357 White blood cells, in

urine, 36

Wilms tumor, 188–9, 328–9 pathology and staging, 328 presentation, 328 investigations, 328 treatment and prognosis,

328–9

X

Xanthine, 358–9 Xanthogranulomatous

pyelonephritis, 152–3 X-ray appearance of stones,

358

Y

YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) laser, 598–600

Yogurt, 144

Yolk sac tumor, 33

Z

ZD4054, 241

Zipper injuries, 459

Zoledronic acid, 238–9

Материал: Oxford American Handbook of Urology ( PDFDrive )

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