Документ: Oxford American Handbook of Urology ( PDFDrive ), страницы 711-715

682	INDEX
	pathology and staging,	multiple system atrophy	causes, 520
	300	(MSA), 524–5	history, 520
	seminoma, 308–9	Parkinson disease (PD),	indications for
	serum markers, 299	524	treatment, 520
	transitional cell carcinoma	peripheral neuropathies,	investigations, 520
	(UC), of renal pelvis	526	management, 521
	and ureter, 270–2	transverse myelitis,	treatment, 520–1
	urethral cancer, 322–4	525–6	storage and emptying
	Wilms tumor, 328–9	bladder management	problems, clinical
	Nephrectomy and	techniques, 510–3	consequences of,
	nephroureterectomy,	bladder augmentation,	508
	632–3	512–13	high-pressure sphincter,
	anesthesia, 632	deafferentation, 513	508
	common postoperative	external sphincterotomy,	low-pressure sphincter,
	complications and	511	508
	management, 632	indwelling catheters, 511	urine storage, physiology
	indications, 632	intermittent self-	of, 504
	postoperative care, 632	catheterization (ISC),	Neuropathic lower urinary
	procedure-speciﬁc	511	tract, 508
	consent form, 633	medical therapy, 511	high-pressure sphincter,
	Nephrogenic diabetes	sacral neuromodulation,	508
	insipidus, 14–15	512	low-pressure sphincter,
	Nephrogenic systemic	urinary diversion, 513	508
	ﬁbrosis (NSF), 274	catheters and sheaths and	Nifedipine, 390–1
	Nephrogram phase, of	neuropathic patient,	Nitrites, 136
	IVP, 44	516–17	Nitrite testing, in urine,
	Nephrons, 663–4	condom catheter	36–7
	Nephron-sparing surgery,	sheaths, 517	Nitrofurantoin, 143–4, 145
	288–9	intermittent	Nocturia, 14–15
	Nephroureterectomy,	catheterization, 516	assessment of nocturic
	271–2	long-term	patient, 14–15
	Nesbit procedure, 622	catheterization,	causes, 14
	Neuroblastoma, 329	516–17	diagnostic approach, 14
	imaging and staging, 329	hydronephrosis	management of, 100–1
	presentation, 329	management, 522	and sleep apnea, 101
	treatment and prognosis,	incontinence in neuro-	Nocturnal enuresis, 110–1,
	329	pathic patient, 518–19	568–9
	Neurogenic detrusor	causes, 518	Nocturnal penile
	overactivity (NDO),	empirical treatment,	tumescence testing,
	506–7	518–19	488–9
	Neuromodulation, in lower	investigations, 518	Nocturnal polyuria, 14–15
	urinary tract dysfunction,	lower urinary tract (LUT),	management of, 100–1
	528–9	innervation of, 500–3	treatment, 100–1
	posterior tibial nerve	afferent innervation, 500–1	Non-bilharzial squamous
	stimulation (PTNS),	motor innervation, 500	cell carcinoma, 250
	529	sensory innervation of	Nonexpanding
	sacral nerve stimulation	the urethra, 503	retroperitoneal
	(SNS), 528–9	somatic motor innerva-	hematoma, 427
	Neuropathic bladder	tion of urethral	Nongonococcal urethritis
	autonomic dysreﬂexia,	sphincter, 501	(NGU), 141
	management of, 523	micturition, physiology of,	Non-hereditary papillary
	bladder and sphincter	504–5	RCC, 278–9
	behavior in patient	neuromodulation in	Noninfective hemorrhagic
	with neurological	lower urinary tract	cystitis, 140
	disease, 506–7	dysfunction, 528–9	Non-neurogenic voiding
	bladder dysfunction in	posterior tibial nerve	dysfunction, 566–7
	brainstem lesions, 525	stimulation (PTNS),	Nonpolyuric nocturia, 100
	cerebrovascular	529	Nonpulsatile retroperitoneal
	accidents (CVAs),	sacral nerve stimulation	hematoma, 427
	525	(SNS), 528–9	Non-seminomatous germ
	frontal lobe lesions, 525	recurrent urinary tract	cell tumors (NSGCT),
	multiple sclerosis (MS),	infections (UTIs),	303
	524	520–1	management of, 304–7

Nonsteroidal antiinﬂammatory drug (NSAID), 390–1

Nonurological and urological ﬂank pain, 18

N stage of prostate cancer, 207

Nück, canal of, 31 NWTSG (National Wilms

Tumor Study Group), 328–9

O

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 101

Oﬂoxacin, 162–3, 169 Oligospermia, 476 Oncocytoma, 188–9, 276

pathology, 276 presentation, 276 investigations, 276 treatment, 276

Oncogenes, 188–9

Open prostatectomy, 88–9 complications, 89 contraindications, 88 indications, 88 techniques

suprapubic (transvesical), 88

simple retropubic, 88–9

Open stone surgery, 383 Orchiectomy, 626–7

anesthesia, 626 postoperative care and

common postoperative complications, 627

procedure-speciﬁc consent form, 627

radical, 626 simple, 626

Orchitis, 22, 33, 163 Orthotopic neobladder,

266–8

Overactive bladder (OAB), 10–3, 20, 506–7

deﬁnition, 122 conventional treatment,

122

failed conventional therapy, options for, 124–5

intravesical pharmacotherapy, 124–5

neuromodulation, 124 surgery, 124

Overﬂow incontinence, 110–1

Oxybutynin, 82, 122, 511

P

p53, 190 Pacemakers, 602 Paclitaxel, 265

Painful bladder syndrome. See Interstitial cystitis (IC)

Palliative management of prostate cancer, 242–3

anemia, thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathy, 243

lower urinary tract symptoms, 242

pain, 242 unilateral ureteral

obstruction, 242 ureteral obstruction, 242

Palliative treatment, 263 of locally advanced

disease, 232 Papillary neoplasm of low

malignant potential (PNLMP), 188–9

Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), 250

Parapelvic cysts, 332–3 Paraphimosis, 182, 462

deﬁnition and presentation, 462

treatment, 462

Parasitic infections, 178–9 genital ﬁlariasis, 179 hydatid disease, 178 schistosomiasis

(bilharziasis), 178 Parastomal hernia

formation, 641 Parenchymal transit time

index (PTTI), 52–3 Parkinson disease (PD),

bladder dysfunction in, 524

Partin tables, 208 PC-SPES, 244

Pediatric urology, 537–69 abnormal sexual

differentiation, 554–6 cystic kidney disease,

558–9

ectopic ureter, 546 epispadias, 562 exstrophy, 560–1 hypospadias, 550–1 nocturnal enuresis, 568–9 non-neurogenic voiding

dysfunction, 566–7 normal sexual

differentiation, 552–3 posterior urethral valves,

564–5

INDEX 683

undescended testes, 540–1

ureterocele, 548 ureteropelvic junction

(UPJ) obstruction, 549 urinary tract, 538

lower urinary tract, 538 upper urinary tract, 538

urinary tract infection (UTI), 542–3

vesicoureteric reﬂux (VUR), 544–5

Pelvic ﬂoor exercises, 222–3 Pelvic fractures, 440–2

abdominal and pelvic imaging in, 440

and bladder injuries, 440–1 catheterization, 440 high-riding prostate, 442 symptoms and signs of

bladder or urethral injury in, 441–2

urethral injuries, 441 Pelvic kidney, 348, 349 Pelvic lymphadenectomy,

261

Pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO), 17

Penetrating anterior urethral injuries, 452

Penetrating injuries, 420, 454

Penicillins, 534 Penis

arteriography, 488–9 disorders of, 182–3

balanitis, 182 paraphimosis, 182 phimosis, 182

injuries, 456–8 amputation, 458 fracture, 456 knife and gunshot

wounds, 458 surgical repair of, 456–8 treatment, 459

neoplasia. See also Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), of penis

benign tumors and lesions, 310 epidemiology, risk factors, and

pathology, 314–16 premalignant cutaneous

lesions, 310–3 viral-related lesions, 310

prosthesis, 491 Pentosan polysulfate

sodium, 174 Peptide growth factors,

188–9

684	INDEX
	Percutaneous	Posterior urethral valves	Prostate cancer, advanced
	nephrolithotomy	(PUV), 564–5	androgen-independent/
	(PCNL), 334, 380, 642–4	Post-micturition dribble,	castration-resistant
	bleeding in, 429	110–1	disease, 240–1
	complications and	Postoperative catheter	castration-resistant
	management, 642–4	displacement, 222	prostate cancer, 241
	indications, 642	Post-prostatectomy	cytotoxic chemotherapy,
	outcomes, 644	incontinence, 128–9	240–1
	postoperative	evaluation, 128–9	second-line hormone
	management, 642	incidence, 128	therapy, 240
	preoperative preparation,	pathophysiology, 128	hormone therapy
	642	risk factors, 128	additional therapies,
	procedure-speciﬁc	treatment, 129	238–9
	consent form, 644	Post-void residual urine	androgen deprivation,
	Periaqueductal gray matter	volume, 58, 70	mechanisms of,
	(PAG), 504–5	clinical usefulness of, 58	234–6
	Perinephric abscess, 150,	elevated residual urine	early versus delayed
	153	volume, 58	hormone therapy,
	Peripheral neuropathies, 526	interpretation and	238
	bladder dysfunction in,	misinterpretation of,	hormone dependence
	526	58	of prostate cancer,
	Periurethral abscess, 164	Potassium (K+) regulation,	233
	Peyronie’s disease, 494–5	665	intermittent hormone
	Pfannenstiel, 628–9	Praziquantel, 178	therapy, 238
	pH, 36, 7	Prazosin, 76	monitoring treatment,
	Phenoxybenzamine, 76	PREDICT study, 80–1	238
	Phentolamine, 490	Prednisone, 240–1	prognostic factors, 233
	Phenylephrine, 497–8	Pregnancy, hydronephrosis	Prostate cancer. See also
	Phimosis, 182	of, 402	Localized prostate
	complications, 182	Pregnancy, urological	cancer management
	treatment, 182	problems in, 531–6	clinical presentation, 196
	Phosphatase and tensin	hydronephrosis, 536	localized prostate cancer
	homologue (PTEN),	physiological and	(T1–2), 196
	188–9, 190	anatomical changes,	locally advanced cancer
	Phosphodiesterase type-5	532	(T3–4), 196
	(PDE) inhibitors, 490	biochemistry reference	metastatic disease, 196
	Photoselective vaporization	intervals, 533	control, with radical
	of the prostate (PVP), 87	in bladder, 532	prostatectomy, 224–5
	Phytotherapy, 82	in kidney, 532	epidemiology and etiology,
	Plain abdominal radiography,	urinary tract infection	190–1
	uses of, 42	(UTI), 534	genetics, 190
	Plain CT scans, 50	complications, 534	hormonal inﬂuence, 190
	Plain ﬁlm, of IVP, 44	deﬁnition, 534	risk factors, 190–1
	Plain-ﬁlm imaging, 444–6	incidence, 534	grading, 212
	Plain radiography, 42	pathogenesis, 534	hormone dependence
	Plain tomography, 42	risk factors, 534	of, 233
	PLCO (Prostate Lung	screening tests, 534	incidence, prevalence, and
	Colorectal and Ovarian)	treatment, 534	mortality, 192
	screening, 194	Pressure-ﬂow studies, 60–1	incidence, 192
	Plexopathies, 243	Priapism, 23, 496–8	mortality, 192
	Pneumatic (ballistic)	Primary testicular failure	prevalence, 192
	lithotripsy, 374	with testicular atrophy,	and lower urinary tract
	Polyruic patient,	477–8	symptoms (LUTS), 72
	investigation of, 101	Primary urological	management of
	Polyuria, 14–15	neoplasms, 188–9	risk stratiﬁcation in, 214
	Pontine micturition center	Pronephros, 538	palliative management of,
	(PMC), 504–5	Prophylactic	242–3
	Posterior tibial nerve	lymphadenectomy, 319	premalignant lesions, 193
	stimulation (PTNS), in	Prophylaxis, efﬁcacy of, 143	atypical small acinar
	LUT dysfunction, 529	Proscar long-term efﬁcacy	proliferation (ASAP),
	Posterior urethra, 106	and safety study (PLESS)	193
	Posterior urethral injuries in	study, 74–5, 78	prostatic intraepithelial
	males, 448	Prostaglandin E1, 490	neoplasia (PIN), 193

prevention, complementary and alternative therapies, 244–5

chemoprevention with antiandrogens, 245

dietary intervention, 244 and prostatic-speciﬁc

antigen (PSA), 194 radical prostatectomy,

218–20 staging, 206–8

M stage, 208 N stage, 207 T stage, 206

transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), 202–3

with biopy, 202 without biopsy, 202 biopsy protocol, 203 prostatic biopsy,

complications of, 203 Prostate Cancer Prevention

Trial (PCPT), 80–1, 198–9, 245

Prostate cancer screening counseling before, 195 and prostatic-speciﬁc

antigen (PSA), 194 Prostatic abscess, 170 Prostatic intraepithelial

neoplasia (PIN), 193 Prostatic-speciﬁc antigen

(PSA), 39 derivatives

density, 200

doubling time (PSADT), 200

free-to-total (F:T) ratio, 200

velocity, 200 indications for checking,

39

and prostate cancer, 198–9

and prostate cancer screening, 194

and screening, 192 Prostatism, 10–3 Prostatism vs. LUTS vs.

LUTS/BPH, 68 Prostatitis

acute bacterial prostatitis, 168

asymptomatic inﬂammatory prostatitis, 169

chronic bacterial prostatitis, 168–9

chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), 169

classiﬁcation, 166 epidemiology, 166

evaluation, 168 pathogenesis, 166 risk factors, 167

segmented urine cultures, 167

Protein, in urine, 36

Proteus, 542

Proton beam therapy, 226–7 PSA doubling time

(PSADT), 200 Pseudoephedrine, 492 Pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous, 310–3

Pseudomonas, 542 Psoas abscess, 31 Psoas hitch, 436 Pubovaginal slings, 118

indications, 118 outcomes, 118 types, 118

Pulmonary embolus (PE), 576–8

diagnosis, 576–7 prevention, 576 risk factors for, 576 treatment, 577–8

Pyelogram phase, of IVP, 44 Pyelonephritis, acute, 148–9,

153

differential diagnosis, 148 investigation and

treatment, 148–9 pathogenesis and

microbiology, 148 risk factors, 148

Pyeloplasty, 650–1 anesthesia, 650 common postoperative

complications and management, 650

indications, 650 postoperative care, 650 procedure-speciﬁc

consent form, 651 Pyonephrosis, 148–9,

150, 153 Pyridoxine, 258–9 Pyuria, 134–5

Q

Queyrat, erythroplasia of, 310–3

Quinolone, 520

R

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), 226–7

Radical and palliative radiotherapy, 263

INDEX 685

Radical cystectomy, 636–8 anesthesia, 636

efﬁcacy of, 262 indications, 636

partial cystectomy, 637 postoperative care

and common post-operative complications and management, 636–7

procedure-speciﬁc consent form, 637–8

Radical external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), 226–7, 263, 263

complications, 263 contraindications, 226 indications, 226 outcomes of, 227 protocol, 226

side effects, 226–7 treatment of PSA relapse

post-EBRT, 227 Radical orchiectomy, 298 Radical prostatectomy,

218–20, 634–5 anesthesia, 634 common postoperative

complications and management, 634–5

complications of, 222–3 indications, 634 postoperative care, 634 procedure-speciﬁc

consent form, 635 prostate cancer control

with, 224–5 Radioisotope bone imaging,

53

Radioisotope imaging, 52–3 DMSA scanning, 53 MAG3 renogram, 52–3 radioisotope bone

imaging, 53 Radiological assessment

of renal masses. See Renal masses, radiological assessment

of urinary tract, 40–1 ultrasound, 40 uses of, 40–1

Radiotherapy, 319

Reanastomosis, 107 Recurrent urinary tract

infection, 134–5, 142–5 bacterial persistence, 142 management of, 142–5 reinfections, 142–5

Red blood cell morphology, 37

REDUCE trial, 80–1, 245 Referred pain, 16–19, 22 Renal adenocarcinoma, 38

686	INDEX
	Renal anatomy, 662–4	Renal parenchymal
	renal blood ﬂow (RBF),	disease, 4
	662–3	Renal physiology
	renal function 663–4	acid–base balance, 666–7
	Renal arteriography, 274	potassium regulation, 666
	Renal ascent and fusion,	renin–angiotensin–
	anomalies	aldosterone system,
	horseshoe kidney, 348,	666
	349	sodium regulation, 665
	malrotation, 350, 351	water balance, regulation
	pelvic kidney, 348, 349	of, 665
	Renal blood ﬂow (RBF),	antidiuretic hormone
	662–3	(ADH or
	Renal cell carcinoma	vasopressin), 664
	active surveillance, 286	Renal trauma, 420
	epidemiology and etiology,	classiﬁcation, 420
	278–9	blunt injures, 420
	histological classiﬁcation,	penetrating injuries, 420
	280	clinical and radiological
	investigations, 284	assessment, 422–4
	management of metastatic	mechanism, 420
	disease, 292–3	staging, 423
	pathology, 280	treatment, 426–9
	presentation, 284	conservative
	prognosis, 280	(nonoperative)
	spread, 280	management, 426
	staging, 280	hypertension and renal
	surgical treatment, 288–9	injury, 429
	immunotherapy, 292	iatrogenic renal injury,
	locally advanced RCC,	429
	290	surgical exploration,
	local recurrence,	426–9
	treatment of, 290	technique of renal
	lymphadenectomy, 290	exploration, 427
	metastatic RCC, 290	Renal tubular acidosis
	molecular targeted	(RTA), 363, 367
	therapies, 293	Renal ultrasonography, 71,
	palliative care, 293	152–3
	partial nephrectomy,	Renin–angiotensin–
	288–9	aldosterone system, 666
	postoperative follow-up,	Renogram, 52–3
	289	Resection, 86–7
	radical nephrectomy, 288	Retrograde ejaculation, 492
	surgery, 292	Retrograde pyelography,
	tumor ablation therapy,	6, 48
	289	Retrograde urethrogram,
	Renal duplication	technique of, 449, 453
	complications, 352	Retroperitoneal ﬁbrosis,
	deﬁnition, 352	326–7
	embryology, 352	benign causes, 326
	epidemiology, 352	investigations, 326–7
	investigation, 353	malignant causes, 326
	presentation, 352	management, 327
	treatment, 353	presentation, 326
	Renal exploration,	Retroperitoneal lymph node
	technique of, 427	dissection (RPLND),
	Renal function 663–4	306–7, 308–9
	Renal masses, radiological	Retropubic procedure,
	assessment of, 274–5	stages in, 218–19
	abdominal ultrasound, 274	Retropubic suspension
	CT scan, 274	procedures, 117
	ﬁne needle aspiration/	complications, 117
	needle biopsy, 274–5	surgery types, 117

Rhabdomyosarcoma, 321 Rifampicin, 258–9

Robinson catheter, 586, 587 Robotically assisted

laparoscopic prostatectomy, stages in, 219–20

S

Sacral cord, MRI of, 93 Sacral nerve stimulation

(SNS), in LUT dysfunction, 528–9

Sacral neuromodulation, 512 Salvage radical cystectomy,

261–2 Salvage radical

prostatectomy, 227 Samarium-153, 242 Saphena varix, 30 Sarcomatoid, 280

Saw palmetto, 82

Schistosoma hematobium, 250

Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis), 178

Scrotal exploration for torsion and orchiopexy, 656–7

ﬁxation technique, 656 indications, 656 postoperative care and

potential complications and their management, 657

procedure-speciﬁc consent form, 657

technique, 656 Scrotal pain, 22 Scrotal skin, carcinoma

of, 34

Scrotum, carcinoma of, 320 Scrotum, lumps in. See

Lumps in scrotum Sebaceous cyst, 34 Secondary hypogonadism,

480

Secondary neoplasms, 188–9

Second-line hormone therapy, 240

SELECT Trial, 244 Self-start therapy, 145 Semen analysis, 472, 473 Seminoma, 33

management, 308–9 Semi-rigid ureteroscopes,

646 Septicemia

during PCNL, 642 and urosepsis, 156–9

Serum creatinine, 70

Материал: Oxford American Handbook of Urology ( PDFDrive )

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