Материал: Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture

For example, it is clear that the stairs in the Ave Gallery and Amir Villa are technologically challenging. The suspended structure of Reza Daneshmir’s Ave Gallery’s stair received a special structural engineering design in careful collaboration with the architect. Behrang Baniadam, the structural engineer of Reza Daneshmir says that: “He was insisting for construction of every part of the building as it has been designed specially in details. Therefore, more innovations were needed.” Alireza Taghaboni’s Amir Villa’s stair needed a technically innovative approach due to its cover. Taghaboni reinvented the old technology to cover this stair’s horizontal surfaces with a thatch of mud and straw, which was only possible in desert cities. This cover makes the stair look similar to its historical ancestors. Alireza Taghaboni’s structural engineer Vahid Gharakhani Nia says that: “Plenty of changes and modifications in designs were the most problematic issue we faced with Dr. Tahgaboni. Yes he asked for more creativity and innovation during design process.” It seems like authenticity of design invites a different type of innovative engineering on a small scale.

Conclusions

Structural engineers’ spontaneous ideology demands the achievement of economic and scientific values which relate to present time and future, whilst architects’ spontaneous ideology demands the achievement of cultural/artistic values that relate to both past and present conditions of the related cultures. Both professions’ educations are based on these values. However, according to the analysis of the values that four Iranian architects who try their best to design authentic architecture achieved through ten successful stair designs, it can be stated that these Iranian architects provide the main solutions for achieving economic value, although architectural education does not highlight economy.

Using the third type of efficiency (i.e., optimization of the designed structure) in the selected cases guarantees the achievement of architectural authenticity. However, the preference for this efficiency type transfers the main economic solutions to architects. Architects select structural material and systems. Architects provide form and element dimensions. Structural engineers optimize the elements to achieve further economy and make architectural solutions possible through their innovations. It becomes clear that structural engineers’ main role within such small-scale building production is making architectural solutions possible.

Thus, the hierarchy of the structural engineering values during the design of these stairs were as follows:

––Making the achievement of cultural values possible through engineering innovations,

––Economic value in relation to optimization of the designed structure.

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Scientific value which is in relation to evolutionary structural optimization or optimum structure design has not been considered during the design of the ten staircases. This article shows that innovations can be achieved within small-scale structural engineering activities too.

On the other hand, the actual architectural values during the design of these stairs were as follows:

––Cultural values,

––Relationship with the past,

––Originality,

––Economic value based on optimization of the designed structure.

Being “cultural artists” as the spontaneous ideology fits with the results of this research. However, architects are usually not well educated to consider economy in design, nor are structural engineers educated with an ideology that helps them make various architectural solutions possible. This mismatch between both professions’ present value systems and the required value systems to achieve successful work is one of the major reasons that these two professions encounter collaborative teamwork problems. To be able to work with Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the near future, these problems should be eliminated.

The solution to this problem lies in the education of the two professions. However, because the educational transfer of both professions’ spontaneous ideologies has to be reconsidered, curriculum changes cannot solve this problem. The course design in both professional degree programs should be conceived with more realistic professional ideologies.

References

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Russian journal of building construction and architecture

CITY PLANNING,PLANNING OF VILLAGE SETTLEMENTS

UDC 711

Yu. V. Alekseev1, N. A. Samoylova2

FEATURES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING OF OLD INDUSTRIAL

TERRITORIES IN COAL-MINING AREAS

National research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) Russia, Moscow, tel.: 7 (495) 287-49-14 (code 3100), e-mail: nad1s@yandex.ru 1D. Sc. in Architecture, Prof of the Dept. of Building Design and Urban Planning, Institute of Construction and Architecture MGSU

2Adviser of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (RAASN),

Lecturer of the Dept. of Building Design and Urban Planning

Statement of the problem. The article presents a new perspective on urban development potential of the coal mining areas and the solution of urban problems related to the achievement of the balance between urbanization and sustainable development in the coal mining areas.

Results. According to the results of the comparative statistical and cartographic analysis of individual old industrial coal mining areas in Europe and Russia, a schematic map has been developed with the use of GIS technology showing the current city-planning situation including the population density, concentration of settlements and ratio of the coal mining land area and the total area of the country and its large parts within the boundaries of administrative-territorial formations.

Conclusions. The regularities of statistic relative indicators have been detected. The spatial arrangement of old industrial coal mining areas, determined by the high concentration of settlements, characterizes a significant urban development potential of their areas. The findings represent the scientific and practical interest for the initial stage of preparation of urban development projects in the operating, exhausted or planned coal mining areas.

Keywords: urban-planning, coal-mining areas, urbanization, coal basins of Great Britain (Yorkshire, Wales, etc), Germany (Ruhr), Germany and France (Saar), Poland and Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvinsky basin), Ukraine and Russia (Donetsk basin), Russia (Kuznetsk basin).

Introduction

The study has been performed within the topic: No. 3.3.4. "Scientifically-methodical substantiation of conceptual frameworks and methods of urban planning of land use, disturbed by coal mining in Kuzbass" in 2015-2016 within the thematic research of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (Note 1).

© Alekseev Yu. V., Samoylova N. A., 2017

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In the world practice, urban development of the areas of coal basins is uneven relative to the size of the country, historical development of settlements during the initial development of the territory, time of detection of minerals (coal), commencement of industrial coal mining, mining time and subsequent revitalization of areas disturbed by coal mining activities.

Significant growth of urbanization in the last two centuries is interconnected with many social, ecological and economic problems requiring the development of numerous approaches to urban planning, thus not providing a solution to the problems related to achievement of the balance between rapid urbanization and sustainable development in the coal mining areas (Note 2) associated with the emergence of the areas disturbed by coal mining activities [6, 24, 29, 31, 35, 46, 53, 54].

Recent studies confirm the importance of the problem of urban development in the coal production areas in the long-developed coal basins in the UK [18], Germany and France [15, 32], Poland and the Czech Republic [35, 51]. Thus, some settlements after coal completion receive new development and move to the next phase of urban development getting a more complex city planning form of agglomeration, conurbation, and others, and others become "ghost towns", for example, in Ukraine (Torez), in Russia (Gremyachinsk, Kozhim, Khalmer-U), the United States (Centralia), in China (Ordos) [57]. Abandoned mining settlement is being formed around the world both after the complete exhaustion of coal reserves and due to changes in economic demand for coal. [7]. At the same time, the areas disturbed as a result of coal mining are left after the closing of mines.

The article aims at revealing a special urban development potential of coal mining areas, with the use of modern mapping and statistical analysis of territories.

Justification of the relevance of the study

In the 1970s, the problem of sustainable development of territories became urgent. With regard to coal mining areas, the issues related to environmental and technological consequences of coal mining activities were of crucial important [36, 38].

The large area and inefficient land and property policies in Russia, without timely and anticipatory urban planning policy in respect of coal mining areas, lead to the devastation of former miners' settlements as well as economic and environmental consequences in the areas disturbed by coal mining activities [7]. This scientific and practical problem has started being investigated in Russia.

Huge proven coal reserves in Russia (Note 3) and virtually uninhabited areas in the eastern part of Russia needs reporting and timely urban planning of coal mining areas in the changed

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