Материал: Uchebnik_dlya_sud_expertov

3.This activity is part of a broader growth within computer science of identification technologies, including biometrics (retinal scanning, speaker recognition, etc.), cryptographic signatures, intrusion detection systems, and others.

4.The object of study is the language of a single individual (idiolect), resulting in a description of his or her identifying linguistic characteristics.

5.He was accused of forging the document.

6.From its beginning as a means of questioning witness and defendant statements, linguists have been called on to give evidence in many different types of case, including authorship attribution in terrorist cases, product contamination cases and suspicious deaths.

7.It is tempting to add one more point to the above: the need to develop a theory of authorship as a socio-cognitive process, the relationship between individual and community or social authorship.

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The interview with Tim Grant, Deputy Director at the Centre for Forensic Linguistics at Aston University.

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Mr. Grant: Academic linguistics is the study and description of language patterns, traditional grammatical descriptions and how we use language across a variety of contexts. Forensic linguistics is the description of language used in forensic contexts. Forensic situations include police interviews, courtrooms or writings that become part of an investigation. We don't only work on investigations; we're also interested in wills and contracts, the language police use asking questions in interviews and the language of lawyers and judges in courtrooms.

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Mr. Grant: It depends on the case. Sometimes we’re asked to look at writings in cases where police already have a suspect. In these cases we can compare the known writings of the suspect with the incriminating documents. The task then is to try to say whether the suspect wrote them.

Recent cases have included analyses of terrorist conspiracy documents, of a fraudulent suicide note and of a set of threatening emails. I've developed a particular interest in text messages and Internet chat and have been involved in a number of cases in this area. Our evidence in these cases can be admitted to court.

In cases where police don't yet have a suspect, we can look at the language and try to work out the sort of a person the writer might be. We may be able to say whether there’s more than one writer, whether they're a man or a woman and their likely background. This work is based more on likelihood than certainty but can be helpful in scaling down the search.

In other cases police know who wrote the text but might want to know what the person meant. For example, if I write in a text that I’m going to "juk" or "bore" you this can be street slang meaning to stab and could constitute a threat.

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Mr. Grant: We won't try to provide a psychological profile of a writer or describe a writer's intent. I won't, for example, be able to determine whether a person is lying or how likely they are to carry out a threat. We do sometimes work together with forensic psychologists who may come to judgements about these issues.

We can describe a sociolinguistic profile, however. Language varies by social group. One example would be the substantial academic literature on language differences between men and women. We use this literature but turn it on its head. Rather than taking a range of writings by men and a range by women and describing the differences between them, we take a single text and ask, from our knowledge of the generalities, which group it belongs to.

Also different social groups sometimes use different dialects. In one case the phrase "badminded men" was used. This was an unusual phrase to me but is fairly common in the JamaicanCaribbean community, so use of the phrase seems to suggest membership of, or contact with, that group.

Writers fall into habits and patterns not only of language but also of writing behaviours. Sometimes you'll notice the letters or emails in a case are only sent on Sundays, for example, and this may tell you something about the writer or fit with something else the police know.

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Mr. Grant: We can also use statistical and computer analyses, which can pick up patterns that may not be obvious to the eye. This is more developed in comparative authorship analyses where we know, for example, that the rate of use of functional words (short words like 'of', 'and', 'the' or 'but') can be used to distinguish between authors. This works well with longer texts and we've been developing alternative techniques for short texts such as SMS text messages and online chat.

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We also use word-frequency distributions, which are statistical measures of the richness and diversity of a person's vocabulary. The computational and statistical work in the profiling area is at the leading edge. We've got postgraduate students looking at non-native writers in English and identifying their first language through statistical analyses of their language.

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The case for forensic linguistics

By Elizabeth Mitchell

Science reporter, BBC News, Liverpool

Text message analysis is becoming a powerful tool in solving crime cases.

In February 2008, linguistic evidence contributed to the conviction of David Hodgson in the murder of Jenny Nicholl.

The case highlighted how people choose their own text language "rules" - which they tend to use throughout all their messages.

Forensic linguists showed that text messages sent from Jenny's phone after she went missing had a style that was more similar to that of David Hodgson.

Jenny Nicholls' body was never found, but the jury accepted the prosecution's view that Hodgson had been sending texts on her mobile after her presumed death and found him guilty of murder.

The case is illustrative of what can be achieved by analyzing mobile messages, said Dr Tim Grant from the Centre for Forensic Linguistics at Aston University.

He is speaking here in Liverpool at the British Association Science Festival.

Identifying the author of an anonymous text message might seem like an impossible challenge as they are typically very short and fragmented.

Traditionally, forensic linguists use a descriptive approach.

They demonstrate that there are several stylistic features that are consistently used in messages where they know the author.

For example, Jenny Nicholl used "my" and "myself" while David Hodgson often adopted Yorkshire dialect, using "me" and "meself."

Forensic linguists look to see whose style is most similar to that used in any disputed texts.

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1.Forensic stylistics is the application of the science of linguistic stylistics to forensic contexts.

2.The focus of forensic stylistics is speaker identification of questioned audio.

3.Linguistic stylistics uses many approaches to authorship identification.

4.Qualitative and quantitative methods are always applied separately.

5.Typical cases of questioned authorship present a questioned writing to be compared to the known reference writings of one or more candidate authors.

6.The writing style is exhibited in underlying linguistic patterns internal to the habitual language used by the author.

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