1. We learned that the lower extremity consisted of the thigh, leg, and foot.
The doctor saw that the patient’s eyes were reddened (покрасневшие). 3. He knew that I studied at the Medical Institute.
Запомните чтение следующих слов: universal [ juini’vaisal] универсальный, общий fiber [‘faiba] волокно
cell [sel] клетка
agent [leid33nt] агент; фактор; возбудитель
muscle [‘mAsI] п мышца; radiated muscle веерообразная мышца
establish [is’tseblij] v устанавливать
introduce [,intr3’dju:s] v вводить
change [tfeind3] v изменяться), менять(ся); n изменение
weight [weit] n вес
divide [di’vaid] v делить, разделять
wide [waid] а широкий
direction [di’rekfn] n направление; указание (на выполнение чего-л.) tissue [’tisju:] п ткань; connective tissue соединительная ткань vessel [‘vesl] п сосуд blood [bkd] п кровь
find [faind] (found, found) v находить; find out обнаруживать determine [di’taimin] v определить, определять; устанавливать contraction [kan’trsekf n] n сокращение
1. the contraction of muscles; 2. the blood vessel wall;
the body weight; 4. connective tissue cells; 5. to deter mine the blood group; 6. a rapid change; 7. to divide into groups; according to the structure.
б) предложения с выделенными словами:
1. Please find the pulmonary artery in this picture. 2. The scientists found that blood had vitamins. 3.1. M. Sechenov is the founder of Russian physiology.
The first Russian uniwersity was founded by М. V. Lomonosov. 5. It was found out that when a person died his body continued to live for some time.
б) предложения на правила согласования времен и переведите их: Text Е. The Lecture on Muscles
Yesterday the students of our group came to the Institute to listen to a lecture on muscles. The lecture was attended by all of us. The lecture was delivered by Prof. Smirnov. To listen to it was very interesting. Prof. Smirnov was the first to tell us about the anatomical terms.
The names of all the muscles in the body and all other anatomical terms were established at three Congresses in Basel [‘ba:zal], Jena [‘jema:] and Paris. In 1895 the Basel Nomina Anatomica1 was introduced; in 1935 it was greatly changed at the Congress of Anatomists in Jena. But the anatomical terms which were established at that Congress were not used in the USSR. In 1955 the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris established new universal anatomical terms, the so-called Paris Nomina Anatomica.
In his lecture Prof. Smirnov said that the body was composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. The students learned that in the adult about 35%-40% (per cent) of the body weight was formed by the muscles. According to the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles were divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities.
When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the form of the muscles he said that all the muscles were divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles; the free extremities were formed by the long muscles; wide muscles lay on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities were formed by wide muscles.
Some muscles were called according to- the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors (разгибающие мышцы) or according to their direction, for example oblique (косая).
When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the structure of the muscles he said that the muscles were formed by a mass of muscle cells, the muscular fibers were connected together by connective tissue, the blood vessels and the nerves were in the muscles.
Great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the functions of the muscles. Three basic methods of study were used: experimental work on animals, the study of the muscles on a living human body and on the corpse.
Their work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion (движение) and contraction.
Note
1. Ihe Basel Nomina Anatomica — Базельская анатомическая терминология
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Х1П. Form the adjectives from the verbs by the suffix ‘-ive’:
connect, act, collect, relate, contract, protect
Translate into Russian paying attention to the meanings of the words in bold type:
found an interesting article on eye operations in this journal. 2. The found article was written by the well-known eye doctor. 3. The group of scientists found their method on numerous experiments. 4. The researchers found out that infectious diseases were caused by different agents. 5. Robert Koch was the first scientist who found the agent of tuberculosis.
Translate these sentences paying attention to the words ‘which’, ‘who’:
1. The new universal anatomical terms which are now used all over the world were established at the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris in 1955.2. The muscular fibers which are connected together by connective tissue and a mass of muscle cells compose the muscle. 3. Prof. Smirnov who delivered the lecture on muscles introduced the new material on muscular motion and contraction.
Substitute the Russian words in brackets for the English ones:
Two new subjects were (введены) in the second term. 2.1 (разделил) the text into two parts to learn it better. 3. After his disease the patient changed greatly because his (вес) became less. 4. There are many (кровеносных сосудов) in the human body. 5. We can walk, run and jump because of the (сокращение) of the (мышц). 6. Our blood is (состоит) of white and red (клеток крови). 7. Research work helped the scientists to (установить) the agents of many diseases.
Make these sentences interrogative. Translate them:
1. The atlas on Anatomy was composed by R. D. Sinelnikov. 2. These children will be given vitamin therapy. 3. The chest of the patient is examined by the doctor. 4. At this clinic the operations on the skull are carried out successfully.
Pick out the sentences in Past Indefinite Passive:
1. Dissecting the corpse the students separated one muscle from the other.
On the corpse one muscle was separated from the other by the students. 3. The doctor was treated by many specialists as he was badly ill himself. 4. The doctor treated his patients successfully.
Pick out and translate the sentences with the Infinitive used as an attribute:
1. He can perform this operation in the morning. 2. My friend was the last to come to the lecture. 3. He wants to determine the direction of muscular fibers. 4. Microbiology is one of the most interesting subjects to study.
Translate the following sentences:
1. Медсестра сказала, что у меня слишком маленький вес. 2. Терапевт обнаружил, что у больного кровяное давление на правой руке выше, чем на левой. 3. В своей лекции профессор сообщил, что кровеносные сосуды делятся на артерии, вены и капилляры. 4. Врач был уверен, что в этом случае можно легко установить причину заболевания.
Read Text F. What do paragraphs two and three deal with?
TextF
In the adult the muscles form about 35%-40% of the body weight. All the muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities.
Long, short and wide muscles form three basic groups. The long muscles compose the free parts of the extremities. The wide muscles form the walls of the body cavities. Some short muscles, of which stapedius [sta’pirdjas] (стремечко- вая) is the smallest muscle in the human body, form facial musculature.
The structure of the muscular fibers is different in different groups of muscles. The muscles consist of a mass of muscle cells. The muscular fibers are connected together by connective tissue. There are many blood vessels and nerves in the muscles. The muscles are the active agents of motion and contraction.
LESSON 12
I. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: born [Ьэ:п] а рожденный; be born родиться
degree [di’gri:] п степень; ученая степень; градус; My temperature was 36.5°С—У меня была температура 36,5° (градуса по Цельсию). 36.5°С следует читать: thirty-six point five degrees Celcium (или thirtysix point five Centigrade)
receive [ri’si:v] v принимать; получать strong [strorj] а сильный; крепкий; здоровый surface [‘sa:fis] n поверхность far [fa:] а далекий; adv далеко; значительно point [point] n место, точка
origin [‘orid3in] n начало; источник; происхождение band [bsend] n пучок
finding [‘faindiq] n находка; pi данные, результаты ending [‘endir)] n окончание abdomen [‘sebdamen] n брюшная полость, живот restore [ri’sto:] v восстанавливать (здоровье) condition [kan’dijn] n состояние (здоровья), условие
П. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на выделенные слова:
1. The bands of muscular fibers may be long or short. 2. The human leg has a large surface. 3. Show us in the picture the point of connection of the rib and the breastbone. 4. The origin of some diseases is not well studied. 5. He is the Ukranian by origin. 6. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the age of 45. 7. The patient had a very high temperature — it was 39,5°C. 8. The patient’s health was restored after the course of treatment.
Выберите соответствующий перевод следующих словосочетаний:
соединительная ткань, кровеносный сосуд, вес тела, сокращение мышцы, нервные окончания, место начала, пучки мышечных волокон, поверхность кости, в соответствии с, искусственный сустав, шейные позвонки
the surface of the bone, connective tissue, the bands of muscular fibers, cervical vertebrae, a blood vessel, according to; body weight, nerve endings, contraction of the muscle, an artificial joint, the point of origin
Text G. Prof. Lesgaft’s Scientific Research
Professor P.F. Lesgaft was born in 1837. He was a prominent Russian anatomist and a talented teacher. He was the first scientist in our country to work out the science of physical culture. He studied at the Medical Academy. After he graduated from the Academy he worked for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. This degree was given to him in 1865 and in 1868 he received the Degree of Doctor of Surgery. Then he worked as the Professor of Anatomy at Kazan University. In 1886 he began to deliver lectures in Anatomy in Petersburg.
About 130 scientific works were written by Prof. Lesgaft. Many of them were translated into foreign languages. One of his main works was the book called The Basis of Theoretical Anatomy.
In one of his works which was written in 1892 Prof. Lesgaft divided the muscles into two basic groups—static and dynamic [dai’naemik]. In his work they were called strong, and skilled (ловкие). He determined that the static muscles were connected with large surfaces of the bones far from the point of their origin; they were formed by short bands of muscular fibers; the dynamic muscles were composed of the bands of long muscular fibers.
His studies on static and dynamic muscles were continued by Professor A.K. Koveshnikova, who received many interesting findings. In 1954 it was determined by her experiments on animals that static and dynamic muscles were different in the number of nerve fibers and the form of nerve endings.
1. Lesgaft was a prominent researcher who... (a) studied the structure of the human bones; 6) worked out the science of physical culture; в) was born in the 20th century) 2. Static muscles are... (a) formed by long bands of muscular fibers; 6) the muscles which have a large amplitude of motion; в) connected with large surfaces of the bones) 3. The wide muscle form... (a) the walls of the body cavities; 6) the free parts of the extremities; в) the main parts of the trunk)
On Friday'i’rof. Smirnov delivered a lecture on the structure of the muscles. 2. During the operation the surgeon introduced an artificial metal joint. 3. Many scientists studied the tissues, blood vessels and nerves of the muscles.
1. In the first term medical students are taught basic theoretical subjects. 2. The chest is divided by the breastbone into two parts on each side of which there are seven ribs. 3. Two basic groups of muscles — static and dynamic—were established by Prof. Lesgaft. 4. The name of the great Russian surgeon Pirogov is known not only in our country but in all foreign countries.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Read and transla^ the words with the same root:
to connect, connective, connection; to contract, contractive, contraction, clinical, clinically, clinic; to direct, directly, directive, direction; attentive, attentively, attention; to act, act, active, actively, action, activist, activity
Answer the following questions:
1. Does the pulse become rapid or slow when one is running? 2. Does the patient gain or lose weight if he is seriously ill? 3. Do you take examinations at the beginning or at the end of the term? 4. Is the students’ hostel near or far from the main building of the Institute? 5. Does the man become weak or strong if he goes in for sports?
Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
1. The number of the vertebrae which form the coccyx may be from one to five. 2. In the human body the skeletal muscles number 600.3. A number of interesting findings was found out experimentally. 4. The muscles of the human body are different in their form. 5. A number of muscular fibers form a band.
Read the statements and answer the question given below:
My friend is greatly excited because his son has the disease of the coxofemoral joints. The boy cannot walk and must be in bed.
My friend’s daughter is on her holidays now. She is going to visit Leningrad. She will go to museums, theatres and see many new films. She is excited but feels happy.
Who must restore the health — my friend’s son or my friend’s daughter?
ХП. Finish the sentences choosing the necessary word combination from those given below:
1. The patient was ill for a long time and .... 2. About 40% of the body weight... . 3. The oblique muscle is called so .... 4. The muscles are active agents of.... 5. The static muscles are connected with....
motion and contraction, according to its direction, his weight changed greatly, large surfaces of the bones, is formed by the muscles
Х1П. Translate the following paying attention to the Infinitives:
1. My father went to the sanatorium to restore the condition of his health.
Amosov is one of the scientists to perform numerous operations on the heart.
Students must often go to the dissecting room to study the structure of different organs. 4. This is the article to be carefully read by me to get prepared for my report.
Put in the Future tense the following sentences:
1. Important findings were determined by this experiment. 2. Different methods of research were used in this laboratory. 3. This scientific article was divided into three basic parts.
State the difference between the predicates in the pairs of sentences:
1. The health of the patient is restored. The health of the patient was restored rapidly. 2. New methods of medical examination are introduced in many hospitals. New methods of restoring diseased joints were introduced by Dr. Sivash.
Translate the following sentences:
1. Лектор сказал студентам, что мышечные волокна соединяются соединительной тканью. 2. Мы знали, что исследователь изучает функции широких мышц. 3. Врач считал, что этому больному нужен полный покой.
Мы узнали, что мышцы делятся на мышцы туловища, головы и конечностей.
Give extended answers:
1. What can you tell us about Prof. Lesgaft? 2 What was determined by Prof. Lesgaft in his research works on muscles? 3. What did Prof. Koveshnikova determine by her scientific work on muscles?
Read Text H. Find the passages corresponding to the items of the plan:
The treatment of the patient with the paralysis of leg muscles. 2. The use of plastics in medicine.
Text H. Plastics for Health
In 1966 a very interesting operation was performed by the surgeons of Moscow Traumatology [‘tro:m3’tol3d3i] Institute.
The patient was an 18-year-old girl. She had the paralysis of the leg muscles. The patient was examined by the surgeons and then the operation was performed.