Материал: Английский учебник

5. p.m. he goes in for sports and does different exercises. From 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. he works in the library or in the laboratory. At 7 p.m. he has dinner. After dinner the students have club activities or attend different societies. At about 10 p.m. the student begins to work again and works for about two hours.

24. Answer the following questions:

What have you learned about higher education in England and about the daily regimen of an Oxford student?

24. Прочтите текст d со словарём. Скажите, что вы узнали о ме­дицинском образовании в разных странах.

TEXT D. Medical education in different countries

Medical Institutes in the USSR as well as other higher schools of our country are open for the working people and their children.

But in capitalist countries we see another picture. For most people of poor classes the doors of higher schools are closed.

In the USA young people from rich families which make up only 10% of all the youth, constitute¹ about 80-90% of all students. The young people from poor families constitute only 5%.

The race discrimination principle plays even greater role. For example, only 2% of Negroes study at all medical higher schools of the USA.

There are definite limitation for admission of young women which constitute only 10%.

Only in socialist countries young women can freely enter medical higher schools. About 55 to 60% of all the number of students are young women.

In the USA the education fee² is increasing every year and is about 5000 American dollars a year.

In 1974 only about 1000 young people entered 11 medical faculties in the USA, while more than 50000 young people entered 91 higher medical schools in the USSR.

In all socialist countries the whole course of higher medical education lasts for six years. But in capitalist countries the duration of education varies considerably, for example in the GFR (German Federative Republic) it is nine years, in Holland — eight years, in France—7 years, in England and Italy—

5. years, in the USA — 4 years offer graduation from 7 or 8 years’ course at a college.

In capitalist countries there is a various order to receive the right to medical practice.

For example, in England a young doctor must attend internship during a year, then he must take an examination and only then he gets the right to practice.

In the USA only the doctor, who has passed the examination in the chosen field of medicine, and has got the necessary certificate³ can practice medicine.

Notes:

1. constitnte — составлять

2. education fee — плата за обучение

3. certificate — удостоверение

CYCLE П. ANATOMY

UNIT I. THE BONES AND THE MUSCLES

Правила чтения: Буквосочетания igh, ild, ind; rial; oi, oy; ou; au, aw; бук­вы с, s, t перед сочетанием гласных ia, ie, io.

Словообразование: Суффиксы -age, -ive; префиксы in-, im”, il-, ir-, -un.

Грамматика: Образование причастия прошедшего времени (Past Parti­ciple). Времена группы Indefinite Passive. Согласование времен (при одновременности действия). Инфинитив и его функции.

2. Прочтите и переведите:

1. village, cartilage, haemorrhage, bandage, language, usage, damage; 2* impossible, indefinite, irregular, undone, unhappy, illegal, unwritten, ineffective

2. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова. Ответьте на воп­росы:

The studied subject is new. The examined patient is ill.

1. Какой формой глагола являются выделенные слова? 2. Как перево­дится Past Participle?

2. Выпишите из словаря инфинитивы от следующих причастий и пе­реведите их:

formed, located, published, called, connected, found, made, said, seen, chosen, taken, kept, spent

2. Выпишите и выучите неправильные глаголы в трех формах: (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов, стр. 314)

leave, be, begin, come, do, give, go, get, have, hear, know, make, meet, read, see, take, teach, tell, think, write, become, lose, feel, lie, hold, mean

2. Прочтите предложения и ответьте на вопросы:

I examined. Не examined.

We examined. I was examined.

He was examined. We were examined.

1 .* В каком времени и в какой форме стоит сказуемое в левой колон­ке, и как переводятся эти предложения? 2* Из чего состоит сказуемое в колонке справа? Переведите предложения. 3.* Какая разница между пе­реводом в колонке слева и справа? 4. Дайте формулу страдательного залога (Passive). 5. Что изменяется в этой формуле при изменении по вре­менам, лицам и числам? 6. Что остается неизменным в этой формуле? 7. Поставьте глагол to be в нужной форме для образования Present и Future Indefinite Passive. 8. Как образуются отрицательная и вопросительная формы в страдательном залоге? 9. Как переводятся предложения в стра­дательном залоге?

2. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. These operations are performed by me. 2. Anatomy is taught in practical class. 3. The lecture in Biology is delivered on Monday.

2. * Найдите предложения, которые стоят в страдательном залоге:

1. This textbook is experimental. 2. Many experiments are carried out by

students. 3. He is happy because he studies at the Medical Institute. 4. Interesting lectures are delivered by Prof. Lukin. 5. Physiology is taught at the Medical Institute. .

2. Переведите следующие предложения (письменно):

1. Нам дают книги. 2. Мне часто задают много вопросов. 3. Операции производятся хирургом. 4. Учебники пишутся для студентов. 5. Нас часто видят в библиотеке. 6. Курсовые собрания обычно проводятся в конце семестра.

2. Прочтите и запомните неизвестные вам термины: cranial [‘kreinial] черепной

facial [‘fei/al] лицевой -

spinal column [‘spainal ‘kobm] позвоночный столб

cervical [‘saivikal] шейный

thoracic [6o:’raesik] грудной

lumbar [1лтЬэ] поясничный

sacral [‘seikral] крестцовый

vertebra [‘vartibra] позвонок (pi (-ae) [i:])

coccyx [‘koksiksj копчик

arch [artj] дуга

thorax [‘6a:raks] грудная клетка

basic [‘beisik] основной

cartilage [‘kcutilid3] хрящ

pelvis [‘pelvis] таз

ligament [‘lidamant] связка

substance [‘sAbstans] вещество, субстанция

2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: bone [boun] п (pi bones) кость (мн. ч. скелет, кости) skull [skwl] п череп, черепная коробка

consist (of) fkan’sist] и состоять из

part [pa.’t] n часть; take part in smth принимать участие в чем-л.

trunk [trArjk] n туловище

spine [spain] n позвоночник

chest [tfest] n грудная клетка

rib [rib] n ребро

breastbone [‘brestboun] n грудина

side [said] n сторона, бок; in the side в боку; on each side с каждой стороны compose of [kam’pouz] v составлять; be composed of состоять из connect [ka’nekt] v соединять, связывать free [fri:] а свободный; бесплатный neck [nek] n шея, шейка

lower extremity [‘ 1оиэ(г) iks’tre-miti] нижняя конечность

upper extremity [‘лрэ(г) iks’tre-miti] верхняя конечность

thigh [6ai] n бедро, бедренная кость

forearm [‘f0:ram] n предплечье

shoulder [‘Joulda] n плечо, плечевой сустав

joint [d3oint] n сустав; а совместный, объединенный

2. Прочтите и переведите слова и словосочетания:

1. arch [cutj]: arches [‘cutjiz], the arch of the vertebra, the arch of the aorta [ei’o.ta];

2. breastbone [‘brestboun]: the breastbone is a long bone^the breastbone is in the middle of the chest;

3. extremity [iks’tremiti]: the lower extremity, the am is an upper extremity, the leg is a lower extremity;

4. shoulder [‘Joulda]: the right shoulder, the left shoul der;

5. Joint [d3oint]: to be connected together by the joints, some bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints, joint experiments

2. Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:

to consist of, in the side, on each side of, to be composed of, to take part in, in the adult, to be connected with

2. 1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите предложения в Presenf Indefinite Passive и переведите их. Озаглавьте III—VI абзацы текста:

Text A. The Skeleton

The skeleton is composed of bones. In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones.

The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts¹. There are 26 bones in the skull.

The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the chest (ribs and the breastbone). The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.

The vertebra is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arches². All the vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spinal column there are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar, five sacral vertebrae and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. The cervical part of the spine is formed by seven cervical vertebrae. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large bodies. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. They have oval bodies.

The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs (nap) of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. It is composed of three main parts. The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs. On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are connected with each other and with the seventh rib. But the cartilages of these ribs are not connected with the breastbone. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either (также). They are not connected with other ribs, they are free. Each rib is composed of a head, neck and body. : ,

The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. It is connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle (пояс).

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substance.

Notes:

1. состоят из мозгового и лицевого отделов;

2. каждый позвонок имеет две дуги не меньше

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

2. Form and translate Pasf Participle of the following words:

leave, feel, think, become, lose, complete, require, achieve

2. Translate the following:

врач, обследующий больного; больной, обследуемый в рентгеновском кабинете; студент, встречающий своих друзей; студент, встреченный сво­ими друзьями; хрящ, соединяющий плечо и предплечье; хрящ, соединен­ный с плечевым суставом

2. Translate these sentences:

1. The skeleton is composed of bones. 2. The spinal column is formed by the vertebrae. 3. The cervical part of the spine is composed of seven cervical vertebrae.

2. Make these sentences interrogative:

1. The upper extremity is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

2. The lectures in Physiology are attended by all the students. 3. On each side of the chest the breastbone is connected with seven ribs.

2. Put the verbs in Present Indefinite Passive:

1. Seven cervical vertebrae compose the cervical part of the spine. 2. Cranial and facial bones form the skull. 3. The pelvis connects the lower extremity with the trunk.

2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the translation of the word ‘if: