12. Прочтите и переведите Текст а, пользуясь словарем. Скажите, с какими системами внутренних вы познакомились.

Text A. The Viscera

Although they are often called by a single name, the viscera, the organs that fill the body’s chest and abdominal cavities compose several different systems — respiratory, digestive and urogenital, which togethe provide the body with food and oxygen and remove wastes (продукты распада).

The trachea and langs are parts of the respiratory system, which delivers oxygen to the blood. The lungs consist of millions of elastic membranus sacs which together can hold about as much air as a football.

The organs of the digestive system most prominant ones are: the stomach, the large and small intestines and the liver. They modify foods wich the body takes in. The soft, reddish-brown liver, the largest gland in the body, plays hundreds of roles, from producting proteins to secreting bile.

The bladder is part of the urinary system, wich regulates the body’s water supply. The kidneys, located behind the stomach and liver, filter out wastes and pass them along to the bladder for storage (накопление) and discharge.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

ХШ. 1. State the part ot speech by the suffixes:

primary, attentive, serous, secondary, shortage, active, numerous, respiratory, usage

2. Find the prefixes in the following words:

substance, interspace, subdivision, irregular, impossible

3. Give derivatives of the following verbs:

act, connect, describe, determine, find, locate, contract

14. Describe the location of the organs:

the brain, the lungs, the stomach, the small intestine, the liver, the pancreas, the heart, the tongue, the gallbladder

14. Supply extended answers to the following questions:

1. What main parts is the skeleton composed of? 2. What bones compose the spinal column? 3. What bones is the chest composed of? 4. What parts do the lower and upper extremities consist of? 5. What cavities are there in the skull?

6. What do you know about the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists? 7. How many basic groups are the muscles of the human body divided into? 8. What scientific work did Prof. Lesgaft carry out? 9. What can you tell us about the general vascular system? 10. What structure has the human heart? 11. Where are the lungs located? 12. What anatomical structure have the lungs? 13. What weight and what colour have the lungs? 14. What portions is the alimentary tract composed of?

14. Read and translate Text B:

Text В

According to their functions different organs of the human body are divided into several systems: the bones, the muscular system, the alimentary tract, the respiratory system, the urogenital¹ system, the vascular system, and the nervous system.

The muscles and the bones are under the layer of subcutaneous² fat. The muscles are connected with the bones.

The heart and the large blood vessels connected with it, as well as the lungs and the esophagus are in the thoracic cavity. The spleen, the liver and the stomach are in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity lower than the stomach, the liver and the spleen. The kidneys are on the posterior side of the abdominal cavity.

Notes

XVII. Read Text C. Make ifs plan:

Text C. New Investigations on the Vascular Structure of the Heart

Great work on modern anatomy was begun in the 15th and 16th centuries. Such great men as Leonardo da Vinchi, Vesalius, Servet and Harvey did much to study the structure of the human body.

In the 20th century anatomy became an exact science. Scientists considered that no new discoveries could be made in this field.

But in 1968 Prof. Seraphima Samoilova, a surgeon — a student of Sergei Udin, who worked in Leningrad, began to study the heart vessels.

Anatomists always considered that the heart was mainly a muscular organ. The heart chambers, the valves, the muscular bands and the coats were well described. But not much was said about the heart vessels.

Seraphima Samoilova determined that the heart consisted of thin vascular tubes. Half of the heart weight was composed of the bands of vessels. She came to the conclusion that the heart was a dilated large vessel included in muscular tissues.

The structure of the heart as a band of vessels is very intricate [‘intrikit] (сложный) and varies with age and diseases.

Seraphima Samoilova included all the findings of her research work into the book called The Anatomy of Cardiac Blood Vessels.

This book was published in Leningrad in 1970. It helps surgeons to perform operations on the heart.

CYCLE III. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN BODY

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UNIT 1. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Правила чтения: Буквосочетания qu, qua.

Словообразование: Суффиксы -ate; -ar; able -(ible); -ance, -ence. Грамматика: Времена группы Perfect Active. Неопределенно-личные предложения.

тона; сердечно-сосудистый; диастола (фаза расслабления сердечной мышцы); регулировать; тотальный, общий; эмоция, возбуждение; систола (фаза сокращения сердечной мышцы); сердечный

1. * Назовите сказуемые в английских предложениях. 2* Какой вспомогательный глагол употребляется в сказуемом? 3.* В какой форме употребляется смысловой глагол? 4. Какую формулу для этой группы времен (Perfect) вы можете дать? 5. Что изменяется по временам в этой формуле? 6. Что остается неизменяемым в этой формуле? 7. В каком времени стоит вспомогательный глагол to have в первой группе предложений? Как называется это время группы Perfect? 8. В каком времени стоит вспомогательный глагол to have во второй группе предложений, и как называется это время группы Perfect? 9. В каком времени стоит вспомогательный глагол to have в третьей группе предложений? Как называется это время группы Perfect? 10. Как переводится сказуемое в: а) Present Perfect, б) Past Perfect, в) Future Perfect? 11. Какое действие (обычное, продолженное или законченное) показывают глаголы в группе Perfect?

2. Обратите внимание на построение отрицательной и вопросительной форм:

Б. 1.1 have not written a letter. Не will not have written a letter tomorrow by

2. o’clock. 2. Has he written a letter? Had I written a letter yesterday by 2

o’clock? Will he have written a letter tomorrow by 2 o’clock?

4. Обратите внимание на употребление выделенных наречий с временами группы Perfect. Выпишите и выучите эти наречия:

1. have never been to Leningrad. 2. The patient has already restored his health and he can walk. 3. Have you ever performed any operation? 4. Professor Nikitin has just published his new book on the functions of the pancreas. 5. We haven’t yet sent for the doctor, do it now, please.

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4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание иа выделенное слово ‘since’

1. have not seen Comrade Klimov since then. 2. The students haven’t attended the lectures in Physiology since the professor went to Leningrad. 3. My parents have lived in Moscow since last year. 4. My sister’s health hasn’t changed since she was discharged from the hospital. 5. The patient hasn’t slept since early morning.

4. Замените выделенные слова данными в скобках и переведите полученные предложения:

1. Не has already carried out new experiments, (begun, changed, introduced, extended, prepared) 2. Physiologists have studied the function of the human heart, (described, determined, examined)

4. *B следующих парах предложений найдите и переведите ска­зуемые. Скажите, чем они отличаются друг от друга:

1. The doctor has not prolonged the treatment because the patient feels well. The treatment was prolonged because the patient still feels bad. 2. The doctor has not yet discharged the patient from the clinic. The patient was not discharged from the clinic last week.

4. 1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите все предложения со сказуемым в одном из времен группы Perfect. 3. Назовите формулу, определите время сказуемого и переведите эти предложения:

Text A. Work of the Human Heart

The human heart contracts from the first moment of life until the last one. The contractions of the heart pump the blood through the arteries to all the parts of the body. Scientists have determined that the total weight of the blood pumped by the heart daily is about ten tons.

The rate of Heart contractions is regulated by two groups of nerve fibers. It varies in different persons and at different age.

Physiologists have determined that in the adult the heart makes from 60 to 72 beats per minute. In children the rate of heartbeat is much higher. Research work of many scientists has helped to determine that the rate of heartbeat increases depending on different emotions.

4. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

pump [рлтр] п насос; v накачивать, нагнетать; выталкивать, выбра­сывать

rate [reit] и частота, число в минуту, скорость; степень; pulse rate частота пульса; respiratory rate частота дыхания

beat [bi:t] (beat, beaten) v бить(ся), ударять(ся); и толчок, удар; биение per ргр в, на, за; per minute (day) в минуту (день) depend [di’pend] v зависеть(от) (on, upon) wave [weiv] n волна; колебание; зубец (электрокардиограммы) follow [‘folou] v следовать, соблюдать что-л.; понять exertion [ig’z3:J(3)n] и напряжение; усилие; нагрузка; on exertion при напряжении, при нагрузке both [bouG]ргоп оба; both... and и ... и; как ... так и prolong [ргэ’Ьд] v продлевать; prolonged [prs’brjd] а длительный, затянувшийся discharge [dis’tfa:d3] v выделять; выписывать (больного) из больницы (from); выбрасывать (out); и выделение; отделяемое; выписка estimate [‘estimeitj v оценивать, определять; подсчитывать serve [sa:v] v служить send (sent, sent) v посылать, направлять considerable [kan’sidarabl] а значительный

4. Выучите следующие словосочетания обращая внимание на предлоги:

at the rate of, per minute (day), to depend on (upon), on physical exertion, to discharge from the hospital, to discharge out bile, to pump blood through arteries, to be followed by.

4. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

on physical exertion, to be discharged from the hospital, to discharge out some blood, pulmonary circulation, to estimate the number of cells, to pump blood through the blood vessels, the total body weight, the period of rest, much higher

4. * 1. Прочтите следующие предложения и обратите внимание на сказуемое. Ответьте на вопросы:

А. 1) I have written a letter.

He has written a letter.

Я (уже) написал письмо.

Он (уже) написал письмо.

2. Не had written a letter yesterday by 2 o’clock.

The doctor had examined the patient before we came.

Он (уже) написал письмо вчера к двум часам.

Врач (уже) обследовал больного до того, как мы пришли.

2. I shall have written a letter tomorrow by 2 o’clock.

He will have written a letter tomorrow by 2 o’clock.

Я (уже) напишу письмо завтра к двум часам.

Он (уже) напишет письмо завтра к двум часам.

Each beat of the heart is followed by a period of rest for the cardiac muscle. Each wave of contraction and a period of rest following it compose a cardiac cycle.

Research work has given physiologists the possibility to find out that the heart muscle works or contracts about one third of the time of the person’s life. The period of rest is shorter during greater physical exertion and longer when the body is at rest.

Each cardiac cycle consists of three phases: physiologists have called the first phase of short contraction of both atria—the atrial systole. They have called the second phase of a more prolonged contraction of both ventricles—the ventricular systole. The period of rest of the cardiac muscle is called the diastole.

The left ventricle discharges out the blood received by the left atrium from the pulmonary circulation through the aorta to the systemic circulation.

The blood received from the systemic circulation by the right atrium is discharged out of the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.

Prolonged research work of many physiologists has given the possibility to estimate the role of the ventricles which serve as the main pump. The atria act as receiving chambers. The contraction of the atria which sends the final portion of the blood into the ventricle is considerably less.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

4. Read the following words and explain the pronunciation of the letters and letter combinations in bold type:

quality, quantity, coat, throat, quick, question, dead, treat, mouth, month, cause, cover, quinsy, qualified

4. Form the adjectives using the suffix ‘-able’. Translate them:

consider, change, depend, vary, eat, question, work

4. Name and translate the verbs from which the following nouns are formed:

operation, circulation, estimation, radiation, location, separation, graduation, dilatation, regulation

4. Supply ‘already’ or ‘yet’. Translate the following sentences:

1. The scientists have introduced this term. 2. The researchers have not found out the origin of this disease. 3. The physiologists have estimated the importance of this great discovery. 4. They have not published the book on their discoveries.

4. Translate the following sentences:

1. The human heart begins to beat and pump blood quick-er than usual during the emotional stress. 2. The human heart makes 60-80 contractions per minute. 3. On physical exertion the heart has a short period of rest and the diastole becomes less. 4. The heart acts as a pump discharging out the blood to peripheral and pulmonary systems. 5. Ten tons of blood are pumped through the heart daily. 6. John Floyer, an English doctor (1649-1734), was the first scientist to find out the varying pulse rate in men.

ХУШ. Put the verbs in the required form. Translate the following sentences:

1. The nurse already (to take temperature). 2. The doctor not yet (to use) this method of treatment. 3. She not (to see) her parents since May. 4. The nurse just (to determine) the patient’s blood group.

14. Choose the proper answer from those given below:

1. Did the scientists find out the total weight of the blood? (a) The scientists find out the total weight of the blood, b) The scientists found out the total weight of the blood, c) The total weight of the blood was found out by the scientists.) 2. Is the rate of the heartbeat regulated by two groups of nerve fibers? (a) The rate of the heartbeat will be regulated by two groups of nerve fibers, b) Two groups of nerve fibers have regulated the rate of the heartbeat, c) The rate of the heartbeat is regulated by two groups of nerve fibers.)

14. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type: