prove [pru:v] у доказывать; доказать; оказаться transfer [‘traensfa:] n перенос; передача; [traens’fa:] v переводить, перемещать
enable [I’neibl] v давать возможность (право)
prove [pru:v]: to prove facts, to prove to smb that, he proved that he was right, he was able to prove that;
conclusion [kan’kluijn]: a right conclusion, in conclusion, to come to the conclusion that..., to draw a conclusion;
accomplish [a’komplij]: accomplishment, to accomplish the observation, the accomplishment of the respiratory process;
due [dju:] to: due to his illness, due to a high temperature, in due time, his bad condition was due to a high blood pressure;
investigate [in’vestigeit]: investigation, to accomplish the investigation, the investigation of the blood cells
сказуемых:
1. The patient had restored his health by the end of September. 2. He had slept well before the surgeon came. 3. The male patient had had the grippe before he was admitted to the clinic. 4. The doctor had observed an unusual case of a mitral valve disease before he reported on it at the conference.
Прочтите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод придаточных дополнительных предложений. Сопоставьте времена сказуемых главного и придаточных предложений. Ответьте на вопросы:
Он сказал,
что
.. he lived in Kiev.
mTrt he had Uved in Kiev’
I- he would live in Kiev.
живет в Киеве.
жил в Киеве.
■ будет жить в Киеве.
1. В чем заключается правило согласования времен? 2. Каким временем в дополнительном придаточном предложении выражается:
а) одновременность действия и каким временем она переводится на русский язык? б) действие, предшествующее действию главного предложения? в) действие, которое произойдет в будущем? (см. стр....)
* Выберите предложения, в которых действия главного и придаточного происходят одновременно. Переведите эти предложения:
1. The scientists determined that the rate of heartbeat increased because of different emotions. 2. The doctor said that he had examined the patient a day before. 3. The surgeon considered that the operation would be successful. 4. It was estimated that blood was a fluid tissue.
От следующих глаголов образуйте существительные при помощи суффиксов a) ‘-ion(-ation)’, б) ‘-ment’ и переведите эти существительные (письменно):
investigate, observe, combine, complete, isolate, found, conclude 6) accomplish, achieve, measure, establish, state, appoint
Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:
to be due to, to come to the conclusion, to prove to, in conclusion, due to, to report on smth; on the basis of smth, to work on the problem
1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите: а) слова, имеющие сходное звучание с русскими, и переведите предложения с этими словами; б)
предложения в Past Perfect Active и переведите их; скажите, что вы узнали из 4-го абзаца о процессе дыхания, а из 5-го — о газообмене.
Text A. Sechenov and His Works on the Blood Gases
I. M. Sechenov (1829-1905) was a prominent Russian scientist, the founder of Russian physiology and scientific psychology.
The range of Sechenov’s scientific interests and the number of his research works are really great. 106 scientific works were written by him. In these works he included the findings which he had observed and determined before.
Some of his research works were connected with the investigation of the blood gases and their role in the respiratory process.
I. M. Sechenov isolated the blood gases and found out that most of the blood gases were combined with erythrocytes. No physiologist had been able to do it before Sechenov. On the basis of his observations I. M. Sechenov came to the conclusion that hemoglobin was that substance of the blood which accomplished the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory process. Physiologists of many countries who had worked on this problem before Sechenov could not estimate the role of hemoglobin in the act of respiration. So the accomplishment of the respiratory process is due to hemoglobin.
I, M. Sechenov investigated the process of absorption of carbon dioxide by the solutions of salts. When he had completed his investigations, he proved that only 2/3 of carbon dioxide were dissolved (растворяются) in plasma. The rest of carbon dioxide was combined with red blood cells. The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs was due to the law (закон) of diffusion of gas from fluid into the air. When Sechenov had investigated this phenomenon, he was able to answer the question why oxygen passed into the blood from atmospheric gases during the act of respiration.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Translate the following sentences. Explain the choice of tense forms while translating the predicates of the Object Clauses:
1. The doctor stated that the patient had pneumonia. 2. The surgeon considered that the patient would feel well in two or three days. 3. The professor found out that the patient had had tuberculosis two years before. 4. They came to the conclusion that the atmospheric pressure was an important factor for patients with cardiac diseases. 5. The researchers said that they had observed new phenomena.
Translate the following sentences according to the model:
No conclusions were drawn from this experiment.
Никаких выводов не было сделано из этого опыта.
What have you noticed while translating this model?
1. The doctor has observed no considerable changes in the lungs. 2, No difference exists between the substance of the bones of the lower and upper extremities. 3. The surgeon came to no exact conclusion after he had examined the patient. 4. No human being can exist without oxygen.
Translate the following word combinations:
the solution of salts, due to the transfer, due to the diffusion of gases, to accomplish the investigations, the accomplishment of this process, to come to the conclusion, to draw a conclusion, to investigate the phenomenon, to investigate the laws of diffusion
Translate into English:
1. Выдающийся русский ученый И.М. Сеченов много работал над проблемой обмена газов в легких. 2. На основании многочисленных исследований ученые пришли к выводу, что циркулирующий объем крови зависит от изменений температуры воздуха. 3. Чем обусловлен переход углекислого газа из крови в легкие? 4. Ученый доказал своим коллегам (coworkers), что его выводы были правильными. 5. На заседании кафедры он доложил о результатах своих опытов. 6. Вследствие увеличения физической нагрузки частота сердечных сокращений обычно учащается (accelerate).
Answer the questions according to the model:
: I have already published my findings. Have you?
: I have not published my findings yet. I shall have published them by the end of the month.
1. I have already changed my method of research. Have you? 2.1 have already determined the findings of my observations. Have you? 3.1 have already completed my investigations. Have you?
Puf the verbs in brackets in the proper tense:
1. The patient (to be) under medical care before the surgeon began the operation. 2. They (to isolate) the patient with the grippe from the others before they were infected. 3. My experiments not yet (to prove) anything since I started them. 4. We (to complete) our observations on the changes in the blood erythrocytes by tomorrow.
Stale the part of speech by the suffixes. Translate the following words:
atmospheric, difference, pressure, alveolar, diffusion, substance, capacity, combination, carbonic, accomplishment, conclusion, venous
Answer the following questions:
What do we call a person who
1. discovers something? 2. founds some new theories? 3. investigates some phenomena? 4. researches in some field of science? 5. observes some changes in the experiments?
XX* Read and translate Text B. Remember the given data to be able to answer the questions:
Text B. The Exchange of Gases in the Lungs
The exchange of gases takes place in the alveoli [‘aelviolai] of the lungs. Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes into the atmospheric air.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is due to the difference of partial (парциальное) pressure of these gases in the alveolar air and in the venous blood.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is higher than in the venous blood. The transfer of oxygen from the atmospheric air into the blood is due to this difference of pressures.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the venous blood and this enables carbon dioxide to pass from the blood into alveolar air.
The process of transfer of gases into the medium [‘miidiam] (среда) with a lower partial pressure is called diffusion. Hemoglobin is that substance of the blood which transfers oxygen in the blood. The oxygen capacity of the blood averages to 18-20 millilitres (ml) per 100 gr of blood. Carbon dioxide is transferred in combination with hemoglobin and as bicarbonic salts.
The combination of oxygen and hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin, that of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin — carbohemoglobin.
LESSON 20
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
1 .* Найдите подлежащие и сказуемые в этом предложении. 2* Сколько в нем предложений? 3.* Какая зависимость между этими предложениями?
* Что опущено между этими предложениями? 5.* Переведите все предложение.
Б. Прочтите и сравните следующие предложения:
а) I know my friend is not ill.
б) My friend you know well is not ill.
Определите виды придаточных предложений в а) и б) и скажите, как они соединяются с главным? 2. Как переводятся на русский язык бессоюзные придаточные предложения?
Определите виды придаточных предложений и переведите их:
1. We know well Servet was the first anatomist to describe the pulmonary circulation in the first half of the 16th century (1536-1538). 2. The phenomenon of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs Sechenov investigated is due to the law of diffusion of gas from the fluid into the air. 3. The vital capacity of the lungs many physiologists have studied changes in some cardiac and pulmonary diseases. 4. The great English anatomist W. Harvey found out the heart changed its colour during the contractions.
Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
associate [a’soujleit] v соединять; связывать; [a’soujlit] а объединенный; тесно связанный
passage [1paesid3] и проход; проток
brealhe [bri:d] v дышать; breathe in вдыхать; breathe out выдыхать
flow [flou] n ток, течение; струя; v течь; циркулировать
decrease [di:’kri:s] v уменыыать(ся); спадать; понижать(ся)
depth [dep0] n глубина
fat [faet] n жир; а жирный; упитанный
amount [a’maunt] n количество
* Переведите однокоренные слова:
associate, associated, associative, association; particular, particularly, particularity; change, changed, changing, changeable, exchange; connection, connective, connected; deep, deeply, depth
Вставьте недостающие по смыслу слова из данных ниже. Глаголы поставьте в соответствующей форме (письменно):
On physical exertion the patient’s ... became deep.
When the temperature is high a patient usually ... deeply.
When one ... the lungs dilate. 4. When one... the lungs contract.
breathe, breathe out, breath, breathe in
1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите: а) неопределенно-личные обороты и переведите их; б) Present Participle, определите его функции и переведите предложения. 3. Составьте пять вопросов к этому тексту. 4. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
имеет особое значение для, происходящий в легких, принимают участие в выработке
Text С. The Physiology of the Lungs
The physiology of the lungs is associated with their structure. There are over 700,000,000 alveoli in the lungs. The total surface of the alveoli is about 90 sq. m (square metres). The lungs have many capillaries with the total surface of about 80 sq. m. This particular structure of the lungs enables the exchange of gases between the alveolar air and the blood.
Elastic fibers of connective tissue composing the walls of the alveoli, alveolar passages and the visceral pleura enable the lungs to dilate.
When one breathes normally not all the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are opened. When respiration becomes deep, the number of the opened alveoli and capillaries increases. The flow of blood into the lungs increases when one breathes in and it decreases when one breathes out.
The regulation of the vital capacity of the lungs is of particular importance to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide taking place in the lungs. It is considered that in the adult the vital capacity of the lungs is about 3-4 litres. When the depth of respiration increases the vital capacity may be 6 litres and even more.
The lungs take part in the production of physiologically active substances, in the regulation of blood coagulation, in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Translate the following words. Find in them:
suffixes — operate, various, regulation, changeable, appearance, importance, production, politician;
prefixes—discontinue, discovery, impossible, exchange, independent, disconnect, untreated, inattentive
Give the English equivalents of the words in brackets. Translate the following sentences:
1. When we breathe out (ток) of blood into the lungs (уменьшается). 2. One of the mechanisms of headache (связан) with the pressure made by a tumour on the cranial and cervical nerves. 3. During the act of respiration the air enters the lungs through the air (ходы). 4. When the doctor was examining the patient he asked him (дышать) deeply. 5. (Жировые) substances which are located in the cell compose 1-2% of its total weight. 6. (Количество) of the fluid part of the blood called the plasma composes 60%.
Read and translate the following sentences:
1. The treatment the patient had begun on the first of June was quite effective.
The condition of the patient we are treating has become better. 3. The methods of investigation the scientist had included in his research helped him to determine the origin of the pulmonary disease. 4. The faculty my brother is in trains pediatricians.
Finish the sentences choosing the appropriate clause:
The patient stated that... (a) he had had pneumonia two years before; b) he has pneumonia) 2. The doctor thought that... (a) the white blood cell count will be normal; b) the white blood cell count would be normal) 3. The scientists established that... (a) hemoglobin was the carrier of oxygen; b) hemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen)
1. Read Text D. 2. Entitle it. 3. Choose and translate indefinite personal sentences. 4. Say what the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs deal with:
TextD
If one investigates the act of inspiration (вдох) one will observe such phenomena.
When one breathes in, the external intercostal muscles contract and lift (поднимать) the ribs. At this moment the diaphragm also contracts and goes down. The volume of the chest increases. The increase of the chest volume enables the lungs to extend. The pressure in the lungs becomes less and the atmospheric air enters the lungs.