Материал: Английский учебник

When one breathes out, the external intercostal muscles and the muscles of the diaphragm become relaxed (расслабленные). The ribs go down, the diaphragm goes up, the volume of the chest decreases and the lungs contract. The pressure in the lungs becomes higher and the air goes out of the lungs. If one is sitting or lying one makes 16-20 respirations per minute. On physical exertion the respiratory rate and the depth of respiration increase.

Normally during one inspiration the man breathes in about 500 ml of air. On deep inspiration one breathes in 1.5-2 litres of air.

The vital capacity of the lungs in the male averages 3.5-4 litres and in the female 3-3.5 litres.

The respiratory rate and its depth depend on the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

UNIT 3. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Правила чтения: Буква о перед Id, st.

Словообразование: Суффиксы -ize (-ise); -ancy (-ency); -ant, -enf; -ness.

Грамматика: Времена Perfect Passive. Усилительная конструкция it is...

that. Формы инфинитива. Перфектный инфинитив после модальных

глаголов.

LESSON 21

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

Запомните:

1. Буква о перед Id и st читается [ou]: cold [kould] холодный; простуда; post [poust] почта.

2. При помощи суффикса -ize [aiz] образуются глаголы. Вариантами этого суффикса являются -yse, -yze, -ise: summarize резюмировать; analyse анализировать.

3. -ancy, -ency — суффиксы существительных: infancy [‘infansi] младенчество; insufficiency недостаточность.

4. -ant, -ent—суффиксы прилагательных: constant постоянный, significant важный, существенный.

5. Суффикс -ness образует существительное от прилагательного^- weak слабый — weakness слабость.

1. Прочтите следующие слова:

old, told, bold, hold, fold, sold, host, most

2. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:

а) realize, recognize, criticize, generalize, specialize

б) sufficiency, urgency, persistency, emergency, deficiency, dependency,

efficiency

✓

в) distant, present, absent, important, dependent, different r) badness, readiness, coldness, whiteness, redness

3. Выполните следующие задания и ответьте на вопросы:

1. Дайте формулу страдательного залога группы Indefinite. Употребите глагол to write по этой формуле. 2. Поставьте вспомогательный глагол to

be из формулы |to be + Ш формар Perfect. Какую формулу вы получили? 3.

К какому залогу и к какой группе времен вы отнесете эту формулу? 4.

Какой глагол в формуле Perfect Passive to have been + III форма (written)! изменяется по временам, лицам и числам? 5. Как образуются отрицательная и вопросительная формы?

4. * Найдите сказуемые, определите время каждого сказуемого и дайте формулу, по которой они образованы:

1. The direction of the nerve fibers has already been established experimentally. 2. Several new medical schools have been founded in our country recently. 3. The exact amount of the blood in the experimental animal has just been estimated.

5. * Найдите и переведите предложения со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге:

1. The doctor has treated the patient with pneumonia. 2.1 have been treated at this clinic. 3. The professor has just delivered the lecture on the exchange of gases in the lungs. 4. The lecture on the exchange of gases in the lungs has been delivered today.

6. Прочтите предложения, сравните их перевод и ответьте на вопросы, данные ниже:

I. М. Sechenov investigated blood gases in 1858.

И. М. Сеченов исследовал газы крови в 1858 году.

It was Sechenov who investigated blood gases in 1858.

Именно Сеченов исследовал газы крови в 1858 году.

It was blood gases that Sechenov investigated in 1858.

Именно газы крови исследовал Сеченов в 1858 году.

It was not until 1858 that Sechenov investi gated blood gases.

(Именно) только в 1858 году Сеченов исследовал газы крови.

Какая конструкция в английских предложениях соответствует русскому “именно”, “только”? Для чего она употребляется?

7. * Переведите следующие предложения:

1. It is in the alveoli that the respiratory metabolism takes place. 2. It is hemoglobin that carries oxygen to different tissues of the human body. 3. It was not until 1628 that blood circulation was described by William Harvey.

8. Используйте усилительную конструкцию для выделения членов предложения (письменно):

Prof. Lesgaft understood well the importance of physical culture.

9. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:

mechanism [‘mekanizm], cortex [‘ko:teks], communication [ka,mju:ni’keifn], stimuli [‘stimjulai], summarize [‘sAmaraiz], analyse [‘aenalaiz], constant [‘konstant], hypothalamus [,haipo’0£ebmas]

10. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

complicate [‘komplikeit] v усложнять, осложнять; complicated [‘komplikeitid] а сложный; запутанный

directly [di’rektli]aJv прямо; непосредственно; немедленно ear [ia] и ухо

sense [sens] и чувство, ощущение; смысл, значение pain [pein] п боль

smell [srnel] и обоняние; запах; v обонять; пахнуть feeling [‘fi:lir)] и чувство, ощущение

order [‘o:da] и порядок; приказ; v назначать, прописывать; заказывать (лекарство); in order to для того, чтобы

move [mu:v] v шевелиться; двигать(ся), передвигать(ся) area [‘eeria] и область; поле; пространство

control [kan’troul] п контроль; управление, проверка; v управлять; контролировать; купировать (боль, болезнь); проверять vision [*vi3(a)n] и зрение almost [‘o:lmoust] adv почти; едва не

11. 1. Прочтите текст А. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие а) усилительный оборот; б) Present Perfect Passive. 3. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний и выучите их:

органы чувств, по поводу (о) боли, многое другое, двигательный отдел коры головного мозга

3. Составьте план текста:

Text A. The Brain

Scientists consider that our brain is the most complicated mechanism which has ever been constructed.

The weight of the human brain is from one to two kg. (kilograms). It has a volume of about 3.21 litres and consists of about 12 billion (миллиард) cells. It has been determined by the scientists that each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly by nerve fibers.

The brain is the centre of a wide system of communication. It has been found out that a constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The stimuli come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs for pain, temperature, smell and other feelings. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analysed the brain sends orders through the nerve fibers in the spinal cord to different parts of the human body. It is due to these orders that one eats, moves, hears, sees and does many other things.

To estimate the functions of different areas of the brain many experiments have been carried out by the investigators. It is due to such experiments that the investigators have been able to determine those areas of the brain which control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions.

Due to experimental studies it has been determined that the motor cortex controlling many body movements of the human being becomes tired rapidly. But the hypothalamus which controls such functions as blood pressure is almost never tired.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

12. Say the following sentences in the Past and Future Perfect Passive:

1. The work has been completed. 2. The important findings have been proved. 3. The number of leucocytes has been counted. 4. A female patient has been transferred to the hospital.

13. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:

1. The new methods of research had been included into my work. 2. The course of treatment has been prolonged. 3. The structure of the pancreas will have been described in the new book.

14. Use the construction ‘it is (was)... that’ to emphasize the parts of the sentence in bold type:

1. The motor cortex controls many movements of the human being. 2. During the systole both ventricles of the heart contract. 3. On deep respiration the vital capacity of the lungs may become 6 litres. 4. In 1538 Andreas Vesalius published his six-volume work “Tabulae Anatomicae”.

15. Translate these word combinations:

1. constant communications between sense organs; 2. a complicated case; 3. in the heart area; 4. the feeling of pain; 5. to control a disease; 6. to examine hearing; 7. to analyse the disfunction of movements

16. Choose the nouns that can be used with the given verbs:

to control, to move, to send

findings, head, disease, pain, hands, movements, patient, respiration, letter, heartbeat, order, vision, legs

17. Choose the verbs to be used together with the given nouns: the pain can (be discharged, be estimated, be controlled);

the area can (be extended, be published, be pumped); the smell can (be covered, be entered, be felt); the vision can (be breathed in, be investigated, be complicated)

18. Read the passage and say what interesting things you have learned:

If the human being has a bad headache he often feels pain within the skull. But really the nerves through which pain stimuli pass exist mainly in the blood vessels and nervous system, but not in the proper substance of the brain. So the brain itself does not feel pain.

19. Memorize the words. Translate the sentences:

feed [fi:d] (fed, fed) v кормить(ся), питать(ся); feeding [fi:dirj] питание. The mother feeds her infant. Milk is the main feeding of an infant.

obtain [ab’tein] v приобретать; получать; доставать. During our life we obtain much experience.

develop [di’velap] v развивать(ся); обнаруживать(ся); появляться, разрабатывать, создавать. The patient developed a bad pain in the stomach.

supply [sa’plai] v обеспечивать, снабжать; питать;/? питание; снабжение; запас. Blood supply may become decreased in some heart disease.

response [ris’pons] n ответ; реакция. The response to the treatment was rapid.

20. Translate the words with the same root:

condition, conditioned, unconditioned; protect, protective, protection; production, productive, produce; add, addition, additional, additionally; developed, developing, development

21. Read, translate, and name the suffixes in the following words:

general, generalize; dependent, dependency; weak, weakness; insufficiency, insufficient; analysis, analyse; red, redness; infant, infancy

22. Read Text B. Translate it. State the difference between conditioned and unconditioned reflexes:

Text B. Conditioned Reflexes

All the visceral and somatic reflexes including the protective, feeding and others are formed by various internal and external stimuli. These stimuli produce reactions not depending on surrounding conditions. The great Russian physiologist Pavlov called them unconditioned reflexes.

In human beings the nervous system has the additional ability to form cortical associations which increase the range of reactions. This function is obtained by all the human beings and formed upon signalization, i.e. the process in which an ineffective reflex stimulus forms the same reactions as the stimulus with which it has become associated. Pavlov called these individually obtained reflexes conditioned, because they are developed only in connection with some other reflexes.

It is through constant contacts of life that men develop many conditioned reflexes. They begin to develop already in infancy. During human development their number is much increased through training and education.

In experimental conditions it was determined by Pavlov that many new conditioned reflexes to stimuli not supplied by Nature could be established in dogs. But such stimuli had to be associated with those which formed an unconditioned response. Pavlov determined that in higher animals it was in the cortex that conditioned reflexes were formed.

LESSON 22

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

I. Запомните факты, изложенные ниже:

Do you know that

1. the vision centres are located in the occipital [ok’sipitl] area of the cortex?

2. the nervous system of the human being has about ten times more nervous cells than the number of all people in the world? 3. the stimuli pass into the brain through the spinal cord very rapidly — about 100 m per second?

2. * Закончите предложения, выбрав необходимые по смыслу слова:

1. The ear is the sense organ of (vision, hearing). 2. The human being smells with (the nose, the eye). 3. The motor cortex controlling many body movements (becomes tired rapidly, is almost never tired). 4. The stimuli from different parts of the human body come to the brain through (the blood vessels, the nerve fibers in the spinal cord).

2. На основании следующих формул напишите и назовите инфинитивы (см. таблицу 22, стр. 292)

1. от глагола to determine:

2. * От глаголов to add, to bring, to connect

2. * Найдите и назовите инфинитивы:

1. Не may examine the patient. 2. He may be examining the patient now.

3. He may have examined the patient already. 4. He may be examined by Doctor Sedov. 5. He may have been examined by 11 a.m.

2. Прочтите следующие предложения, обратите внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и инфинитивов, стоящих после них. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Не cannot do it.

Не cannot have done it. Can he have done it?

2. He may perform an operation on the heart.

He may have performed an operation on the heart.

3. You must deliver a lecture. You must have delivered a lecture.

Он не может это сделать.

Не может быть, чтобы он это сделал. Неужели он сделал это?

Он может быть (возможно) делает опе­рацию на сердце.

Он может быть (возможно) сделал операцию на сердце.

Вы должны читать лекцию.

Вы должно быть (вероятно) прочита­ли лекцию.

1. К какому времени относится действие, выраженное перфектным инфинитивом? 2. В каких предложениях обычно употребляется модальный глагол сап с Perfect Infinitive, и как они переводятся? 3. Как переводятся модальные глаголы may и must с Perfect Infinitive?

2. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. Can the patient have developed such a bad pain in the stomach after taking the medicine? 2. The infant is quiet now. Mother must have fed it. 3. The blood pressure may have decreased after the administration of this drug. 4. Can the investigator have drawn such a conclusion after a number of experiments?

2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: delicate [‘delikit] а тонкий; слабый (о здоровье); хрупкий inhibit [in’hibit] v подавлять; тормозить; сдерживать allow [a’lau] v позволять, разрешать

provide [pra’vaid] v обеспечивать, снабжать (with); предусматривать (for); provided cj при условии (что); если только; в том случае, если smooth [smu:3] а гладкий; ровный; спокойный purpose [‘p3:pas] п цель

fall [foil] (fell, fallen [fo:ln]) v падать, спадать; понижаться); to fall asleep заснуть; to fall ill with заболеть

significance [sig’nifikans] n значение, важность

quiet [‘kwaiat] а спокойный, тихий; to become quiet успокоиться

drop [drop] и ронять; капать; закапывать (into); падать; и падение; капля

though [Зои] adv хотя, тем не менее

spread [spred] (spread, spread) v распространять(ся)

2. Переведите однокоренные слова и найдите в них суффиксы и префиксы:

act, action, activity, react, reaction, reactive; significance, significant, insignificance, insignificant, insignificantly; to tire, tired, tiredness; inhibit, inhibition, inhibitory, inhibitor; quiet, quietly, quietness

2. Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:

to provide with, to provide for, to fall ill with, to drop into, for some purpose, to be of some significance, to react to smth, to spread over / to smth.

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

а) слабое здоровье, хрупкие клетки, тонкая операция; гладкие мышцы, ровная боковая поверхность; тихий отдых, спокойный сон; крепкое здоровье, глубокий сон

б) падать; я упал; больной заснул; я уронил термометр; закапать лекарство в глаза; он заболел пневмонией; позволить больному ходить; больному позволили сесть; врач не разрешает мне утомляться; обеспечить;

наша библиотека обеспечивает нас книгами; это было предусмотрено заранее (beforehand); мы провели много экспериментов для этой цели; сон имеет большое значение для жизнедеятельности человека; боль распространилась по руке

2. * Переведите слова, данные в скобках, а затем переведите предложения:

1. When the man feels (усталость) he (засыпает). 2. The external surface of the liver is (гладкая). 3. Sleep is of a great protective (значение) to the human being. 4. Please be (тихо), the patient has just fallen asleep. 5. When the doctor was examining the patient he determined that the heartbeat was (замедленный).

2. 1. Прочтите текст с. 2. Озаглавьте его. 3. Найдите предложения с подлежащим, выраженным словом ‘one’. 4. Переведите эти предложения.

3. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. для этой цели; 2. полный покой; 3. распространяется по коре головного мозга; 4. имеет большое защитное значение доя; 5. глубокий спокойный сон; 6. жизнедеятельность

Text С

The nervous cells of the cortex are the most delicate of all the cells of the human body.

It is at the moment of tiredness of the cortical nervous cells that the process of inhibition begins to act. This process does not allow new stimuli to pass to the tired areas of the brain. To provide the smooth work of the brain the nervous cells must be well supplied with oxygen and feeding substances. And for this purpose any human being must have regular complete rest, i.e. sleep.