Cardiologists have observed that children with congenital heart defects have no clinical manifestations of the disease until years after birth, when it may be too late to operate.
Answer the following questions:
How many litres of blood does the human heart pump per minute at rest? 2. How many litres of blood does the human heart pump per minute on great physical exertion? 3. How many times does the human heart contract within 70 years of life? 4. How many litres of blood does the human heart pump within 70 years of life? 5. In how many seconds does the blood make a complete circle in our body at rest? 6. How long can the man live without water and without food?
Read Text F. Which of the described methods have you got interested in?
Text F. Methods Used in Cardiosurgery
In performing the operations on the contracting heart there is danger of the impairment of cardiac function and partial arrest of blood circulation, resulting in the damage to some organs, brain cells in particular.
Such danger is eliminated when artificial blood circulation apparatus called heart-lungs is used during the operation. By using the artificial blood circulation apparatus the heart is excluded from the blood circulation and the surgeon is able to work on the “dry” heart for a longer period of time achieving better results.
Hypothermia is another method used in heart operations. When the patient is under hypothermia the surgeon can eliminate congenital or developed heart defects without the loss of the patient’s blood during the operation.
The method of occlusion consists of bandaging all the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart just before making an incision on the cardiac wall. When the method of occlusion is applied the surgeon evacuates from the heart that amount of blood which is inside its cavities (in the adult it is about 100-150 ml) and performs the necessary operation to eliminate the cardiac defect.
Choose the answer corresponding to Texts E and F:
1. How is the danger of the partial arrest of blood supply eliminated during heart operations? (a) It is eliminated by using hypothermia; b) It is eliminated by using artificial blood circulation apparatus.) 2. What vessels are bandaged when the method of occlusion is employed in heart operations? ( a) The portal veins are bandaged; b) All the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart are bandaged.)
LESSON 40
HOME ASSIGNMENTS (REVISION)
1. Назовите формулу группы времен Perfect Continuous. 2. Как переводятся времена группы Perfect Continuous? 3. Из каких частей состоит сложное дополнение, и на каком месте в предложении оно стоит? 4. Как переводится на русский язык сложное дополнение?
1. The life of the little girl was saved thanks to a successful operation for a congenital heart defect. 2. On his first admission to the hospital the patient complained of palpitation and discomfort in the chest. 3. The patient had numerous foci of inflammation in the left lung before he underwent the streptomycin treatment. 4. The girl has had heart murmurs since the age of seven and no therapeutic measures were effective in their elimination. 5. On palpation the physician determined that the liver was considerably enlarged.
1. The doctor wanted... (a) the heart failure to develop frequently; 6) the patient to be followed-up at the out-patient department) 2. The nurse made... (a) the patient take bromide to control his sleeplessness; 6) the heart be excluded from the blood circulation) 3. The surgeon ordered... (a) the patient’s wound to be bandaged immediately; 6) the intensity of the inflammatory process to be reducing gradually)
существительные |
прилагательные |
глаголы |
наречия |
rupture, dangerous, incision, fibrillation, congenital, recurrence, eliminate, strictly, bandage, failure, extensive, frequently, evidence, sensitive, radiate, disturbance, damage, accelerate, feverish, deviate, insufficiency, slightly, duration
The doctor expected that the disturbances in blood circulation would be eliminated by the administration of atropine. 2. The patient that is undergoing the course of treatment for rheumatic endocarditis will be followed up for several months. 3. That the inflammatory process would involve new areas in the lungs was clear at the onset of lobular pneumonia. 4. That child’s life was saved after cardiosurgeon had made the operation eliminating the congenital heart defect. 5. Subfebrile temperature accompanied by cold perspiration may be the clinical manifestation of tuberculosis and that of chronic rheumatic endocarditis.
Why are patients with rheumatic endocarditis administered antibiotic treatment? (a) They are administered this treatment to eliminate the primary focus of infection; b) They are administered this treatment to control cardiovascular insufficiency.) 2. Why do patients with rheumatic endocarditis undergo aspirin and bicillin treatment in spring and autumn? ( a) They undergo such treatment to improve the cardiac function; b) They undergo such treatment to prevent the recurrence of the disease.)
/ 1. What most characteristic clinical manifestations is lobular pneumonia accompanied by? 2. What treatment is administered to the patient with lobular
pneumonia? 3. What is the causative agent of tuberculosis? 4. What do you know about primary tuberculosis? 5. What course is lung abscess characterized by? 6. What complaints has the patient in case of rheumatic endocarditis? 7. What treatment can you administer a patient with rheumatic endocarditis? 8. Describe a severe attack of angina pectoris. 9. What methods of performing operations are employed in cardiosurgery?
внешние признаки, профилактические меры, умственное перенапряжение, крепкий сон
Text A. Atherosclerosis and Its Treatment
Atherosclerosis is one of the diseases of the cardiovascular system which is due to many causes. There is a number of factors which may determine its development.
Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from metabolic disturbances and particularly from disturbances of cholesterol exchange. These disturbances begin long before there is any external evidence of the disease. Therefore the doctor must prevent its appearance beginning preventive measures and treatment as early as possible.
Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis consist mainly of a certain regimen for the patient, which he must strictly follow. The patient must get up, eat, work, and go to bed at exactly the same time every day.
Sound sleep is very important since it enables the nerve cells to rest. The patient with the signs of atherosclerosis must sleep not less than 7-8 hours and walk before going to bed. Mental and physical overstrain must be excluded.
The incidence of atherosclerosis is high in professional groups with insufficient physical activities. So physical exercises must be part of the prescribed regimen for such persons.
Smoking affects unfavourably the walls of the blood vessels and can result in their spasm, that is why patients suffering from atherosclerosis must not smoke.
The diet of the patients with atherosclerosis must contain sufficient amount of proteins, but fats and carbohydrates must be taken in very limited doses.
Vitamins are widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis because some of them improve the metabolic processes and others dilate the vessels, particularly the peripheral ones.
Other drugs administered in treating atherosclerosis are the so-called lipotropic substances, which prevent fat from accumulating in the organism.
Since the nervous system affects the metabolic processes in the human body the patients with atherosclerosis are prescribed such drugs as bromide and valerian to improve its general condition.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS Revision
Translate the following word combinations:
congenital heart defects, to result in heart failure, to make an incision on the cardiac wall, to radiate to the back and arm, to undergo the course of X-ray treatment, to prevent the rupture of the blood vessel, to administer an adequate dose of medicine, to complain of a general malaise and fatigue
1. Give the words of the opposite meaning:
to diminish, suddenly, to be constant, to become worse, changeable, to fall (to drop), to include, malignant, seldom, sufficiency, a gain in weight
Give the words of the close meaning:
a symptom, in addition to, to be troubled by, to give attention, to, to pass through, an injury, an impairment, to spread, a return of a disease, to feed, an attack
Choose the appropriate word from those given in brackets:
1. As the condition of the patient had been gradually improving his temperature... considerably, (reduced, rose) 2. Severe attacks of angina pectoris are accompanied by... pain radiating down the arm. (sharp, moderate) 3. If the patient is suffering from rheumatic endocarditis his pulse becomes... on physical exertion, (accelerated, slow) 4. Partial arrest of blood circulation often results in ... to brain cells, (the recovery, the damage)
Read the pairs of sentences and answer the questions supplying your explanations:
The young cardiologist has been investigating the character of heart defects since the beginning of the year. Doctor Sviridov is investigating the character of heart defects. Кто из них начал раньше заниматься исследованием?
My mother has been followed up at the polyclinic since the time she was discharged from the clinic. My father is followed up at the polyclinic to prevent the recurrence of the disease. За кем из них наблюдение по поводу отдаленных результатов начато раньше?
Find Complex Object. Define the forms of the Infinitive Translate the sentences:
1. The physician considered the incidence of heart attacks to be associated with the nervous overstrain. 2. The doctor wants me to have undergone the course of treatment by the end of the week. 3. We noticed the most characteristic symptoms of rheumatic endocarditis have been eliminated since the administration of those preparations.
Translate the following sentences:
1. Сейчас этот больной страдает от острой боли в области сердца. 2. Этот больной страдает от острой боли в области сердца уже целый день.
Сердечные шумы постепенно уменьшались в процессе лечения. 4. В течение последних двух недель сердечные шумы постепенно уменьшались.
Read Text В. Entitle and retell it:
Text В
Some years ago an Italian worker whose name was Pietro Anello fell ill with tuberculosis. He developed a severe form of the disease which was progressing very rapidly. He was administered drug treatment which was ineffective.
An Italian surgeon operated on him twice to arrest the cavity formation in the lungs. But even this measure failed to control the development of the disease. Tuberculosis process continued to develop and the life of the patient was in danger.
The Italian physician refused (отказался) to operate on him for the third time. One of the prominent Italian surgeons told Pietro’s relatives that he would die if the third operation was performed.
One day Pietro saw a photograph of the Soviet surgeon Professor Lev Bogush, a well-known Soviet specialist in lung operations. The idea came to Pietro of asking Soviet doctors to perform the third operation. He went to the Italy-USSR Society and asked to help him.
When Pietro Anello came to the Soviet Union Professor Bogush operated on him for the third time. The operation was successful and Pietro’s life was saved.
UNIT 3. THE DISEASES OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Грамматика: Сложное подлежащее.
LESSON 41
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
А. Прочтите следующие предложения, сравните их с переводом на русский язык, ответьте на вопросы и выполните задания:
Не is said to live here.
Говорят, что он живет здесь.
The patient is thought to suffer from pneumonia.
Думают, что больной страдает пневмонией.
Leucocytosis is known to develop in inflammation.
Известно, что лейкоцитоз развивается при воспалении.
* Каковы по структуре английские предложения: простые или сложные? 2* Найдите в английских предложениях сказуемые. 3.* В каком залоге стоят сказуемые в английских предложениях? 4.* С чего начинается перевод английских предложений? 5.* Как переводятся сказуемые на русский язык? б.* Назовите часть речи, которая стоит после сказуемых в английских предложениях. В какой форме стоит эта часть речи? 7.* Как переводится инфинитив: неопределенной формой глагола или личной формой глагола, т. е. сказуемым? 8.* Какие слова связаны с инфинитивами и являются подлежащими по отношению к ним? 9. Можно ли сказать, что именная часть (he, the patient, leucocytosis) составляет с инфинитивом (to live, to suffer, to develop) единое целое, и назвать это целое сложным подлежащим? 10. Как переводятся предложения со сложным подлежащим? Выучите глаголы, с которыми употребляется сложное подлежащее.
Б. В следующих пред ложениях обратите внимание на залог сказуемого:
They seem to study Biochemistry.
Кажется, они изучают биохимию.
Не appears to suffer from tuberculosis.
Кажется, он страдает туберкулезом.
The pain proved to be sharp on physical exertion.
Оказалось, что боль была острой при физическом напряжении.
* Найдите сказуемые в английских предложениях. 12.* В каком залоге стоят сказуемые? 13.* Найдите сложное подлежащее в английских предложениях. 14. Следовательно, с какими еще глаголами-сказуемыми (в каком залоге) может употребляться сложное подлежащее? 15. Влияет ли на перевод форма инфинитива? Каким временем и залогом переводится каждый из них?
В. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:
Не is supposed to discharge the patient from the hospital.
He is supposed to have discharged the patient from the hospital.
He is supposed to be discharged from the hospital.
He is supposed to have been discharged from the hospital.