LESSON 46
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I. Напишите глаголы, используя указанные суффиксы. Полученные слова переведите:
-ize: general, local, sterile, character;
-en: thick, wide, deep, strength
П.* Определите, какой союз опущен. Предложения переведите:
1. When the urinalysis was ready the physician received all the findings he had insisted on. 2. The surgeon considered the appendix had to be removed immediately because its rupture might cause peritonitis. 3. Almost everything the physician had determined by physical methods of examination was confirmed by laboratory findings. 4. In all the patients except the one the cardiologist has not yet examined the diagnosis of cardiac insufficiency was made.
* Выберите нужную форму причастия для самостоятельного причастного оборота. Предложения переведите:
1. The abdominal pain ... by nausea and vomiting of 20 hours’ duration, the patient was hospitalized for an emergency surgery. ( a) accompanied; b) being accompanied; c) having accompanied; d) having been accompanied) 2. There ... permanent dryness in the mouth, nausea, and constipation, the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis may be suggested. (a) being; b) been; c) having been) 3. The severity of jaundice..., a considerably elevated amount of bilirubin was found in the blood on the following analysis. ( a) increasing; b) being
А. М. Маслова increased; с) having increased; d) having been increased) 4. The postoperative course was smooth for a week, no recurrence of bleeding .... a) observed; b) being observed; c) having observed; d) having been observed)
Когда врач пальпировал печень, болезненность отмечалась на три пальца ниже реберного края. 2. Иногда желчнокаменная болезнь сопровождается осложнениями, причем развитие холецистита является наиболее частым.
принимают желтоватую окраску, сильный зуд, в запущенных случаях, обычное осложнение
Text Е. Jaundice
Jaundice is a symptom common to many disturbances and diseases of the liver, such as obstruction of the bile ducts, cancer, etc. In jaundice the skin and the sclerae take on a yellowish colour which may vary in its intensity. Even the serum of the blood is bile coloured. Jaundice is frequently accompanied by severe itching. The pulse is usually slow, and there is a tendency to haemorrhage. In advanced cases nervous symptoms may develop. Jaundice being caused by obstruction, the bile cannot pass to the intestines and the stools are of a white colour. The urine is deeply coloured. In toxic jaundice the stools may be of normal colour or deeply bile coloured.
Infectious jaundice in adults has been found to be due to a virus. It is characterized by fever, vomiting, jaundice and haemorrhage from the nose, intestines, etc., Jaundice is not a rare complication in case of severe intoxication.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Translate the words with the same root:
strong, strength, strengthen, strongly; continue, continuous, discontinue, discontinuous, discontinuation; digest, digestive, digestion, indigestion; sense,
sensitive, sensitivity, senseless, hypersensitivity; thick, thickly, thickness, thicken, thickened; local, locate, localize, localized, localization, location, locality; wide, widely, width, widen, widened
biopsy [‘baiapsi] биопсия (диагностическое исследование ткани, взятой из живого организма)
pigmentation [,р1дтэпЧе1/п]окрашивание stasis [‘steisis] застой, стаз rash [raej] сыпь
Finish the following definitions and answer the questions:
1. The disease of the endocrine system caused by a large amount of sugar in the blood is.... 2. The colouring of the skin caused by some disturbances in the body is.... 3. The diagnostic examination of the tissue taken from a living body is.... 4. An unusual eruption (высыпание) on the skin mostly caused by some infectious disease is ... . 5. The disturbance of blood circulation that causes blood to stop at a certain portion of a vessel is....
What is: a) pigmentation; b) rash; c) diabetes; d) stasis; e) biopsy?
1. Read Text F. 2. Translate the second paragraph; a) name the findings of the physical examination; b) state the abnormalities revealed by laboratory analyses. 3. Summarize the essence of each paragraph in a sentence so as to make the plan of the case history:
Text F. Hepatic damage due to Chemotherapy
A 50-year old woman had been known to have diabetes for 20 years. Her condition had been controlled by diet and administration of 100 units of insulin preparation daily. In an effort to improve the intensity of her control she had been given in addition 1 gr of chlorpropamide1 per day.
About three weeks later she noted general malaise, weakness and loss of appetite, followed in a few days by the discovery of dark urine, light stools and rash on her trunk. With the passage of an additional week by which time she had taken a total of 27 gr of chlorpropamide, she noted jaundice. There was no pain, fever, nausea, or vomiting. Her past history did not reveal liver or bile duct diseases. She was hospitalized on October 10 for further studies.
The findings of the physical examination showed the presence of jaundice and diffuse rash on the chest and abdomen. The liver was enlarged and there was tenderness on palpation.
The blood analysis revealed serum bilirubin to be at the level of 8.9 mg%, the hemoglobin level was 11.6 gr% and the white blood cell count 7,600 per cubic millimetre. Platelets averaged to 490,000 per cubic millimetre. Urinalysis revealed the presence of bile.
The biopsy of the liver performed on October 16 showed normal liver structure. There was mild pigmentation of Kupffer cells2 and slight capillary bile stasis. Some inflammatory reaction in the portal tracts was noted, but no inflammatory or degenerative changes were observed in the hepatic cells.
The patient was discontinued chemotherapy with chlorpropamide and her diabetes was controlled by a diet containing 150 gr of carbohydrates, 75 gr of proteins and 80 gr of fats and the administration of 80 units of insulin preparation daily.
Her symptoms having been relieved after a month’s treatment, the patient was discharged on November 14. She complained of neither jaundice nor any other symptoms when she was seen for a follow-up examination three months later.
Notes
chlorpropamide — хлорпропамид (название препарата)
Kupffer [‘kupfs] cells—купферовские клетки в печени
LESSON 47
HOME ASSIGNMENTS Revision
Повторите грамматические правила, лексический и текстовой материал, цикл VI (уроки 41—46).
Переведите следующие предложения и определите в них сложное подлежащее:
1. Jaundice is known to be present in the diseases of liver as well as in the diseases of intrahepatic and extra-hepatic ducts. 2. The characteristic clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma are known to be epigastric pains, loss of weight, nausea and vomiting of blood. 3. Too hot food is supposed to contribute to the development of gastritis.
Найдите самостоятельный причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
1. The amount of phosphorus being small in food, children may develop general health impairment. 2. The patient developed severe haemorrhage, it
being caused by the perforating duodenal ulcer. 3. The patient having developed hepatitis, severe jaundice was clearly marked.
Переведите следующие словосочетания:
перемежающаяся лихорадка; 2. злокачественная опухоль; 3. страдать от длительного кровотечения; 4. произвести срочную хирургическую операцию; 5. сделать переливание крови и плазмы; 6. предположить диагноз язвы двенадцатиперстной кишки; 7. обнаружить нарушение пищеварения; 8. способствовать задержке стула; 9. жаловаться на раздражение кожи
V. Распределите данные слова и словосочетания по графам:
Название заболевания |
Патологические |
Лечебные процедуры |
|
симптомы |
|
gastric ulcer; 2. serum transfusion; 3. continuous haemorrhage; 4. carcinoma; 5. anaemia; 6. intermittent fever; 7. prophylactic vaccination; 8. profuse external bleeding; 9. chemotherapy; 10. chronic gastritis; 11. dryness in the mouth; 12. acute cholecystitis; 13. parenteral injections; 14. severe nausea
In acute cholecystitis the patient suffers from... (a) atrial fibrillation; 6) intense pains in the right hypochondrium and in the umbilical area; в) slight pain and general epigastric discomfort)
In attacks of acute appendicitis the patient usually develops... (a) profuse external bleeding; 6) vomiting of blood; в) sharp pains in the epigastrium, which soon become generalized in the abdomen)
Perforating ulcers are characterized by... (a) pain which is usually dull in character; 6) acute pain in the stomach; в) sharp pain in the substernal area radiating down the arm)
The development of chronic gastritis is characterized by the appearance of... (a) the loss of appetite, pain and epigastric discomfort after meals; 6) nausea, vomiting accompanied by haemorrhage; в) cold perspiration at night and intermittent fever)
Chronic gastritis: separate; to be associated with; liver disease; the impairment; catarrhal condition; to cause; inadequate food; a bad diet regimen
The incidence of gastric cancer: common; women; highest incidence; age; malignant course; young persons; the duration of the disease
Acute appendicitis: sharp pain; epigastrium; to become generalized; breathing in; to be accompanied by; retention of stools; temperature; blood analysis
Acute cholecystitis: inflammatory disease; bile duct; frequent; gallbladder; to occur; to be associated with; the forms of cholecystitis; to involve; the liver; purulent, gangrenous; catarrhal
1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие: а) самостоятельный причастный оборот, б) сложное подлежащее. 3. Расскажите о симптоматике перитонита. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
неотложная операция, прободная язва, разлитой гнойный перитонит, полые органы брюшной полости, значительно способствует выздоровлению.
Text A. Peritonitis
Peritonitis is known to be general or localized, acute or chronic, primary or secondary.
Acute general purulent peritonitis is believed to be due to perforation of one of the hollow abdominal organs. The most frequent causes are perforating appendicitis, inflammatory conditions of the female sex organs and perforating gastric or duodenal ulcers.
The main symptoms of this condition are vomiting, pain and tenderness in the abdomen, it being considerably enlarged due to the presence of fluid there. The temperature is known to be moderately elevated, the pulse rate being considerably changed. The blood analysis usually reveals leucocytosis.
This condition is extremely dangerous to the patient’s life, an emergency surgery being performed to save the patient. During the operation the primary focus of peritonitis is to be removed, the danger for the patient being eliminated.
Emergency operative treatment is known to be followed by a course of antibiotic treatment, which greatly contributes to the recovery.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS Revision
Replace each part of the Complex Subject given in bold type by the corresponding word or word combination given below:
1 2
The female patient was known to complain of skin irritation.
the nurse; the physician; the surgeon; the male patient
to suffer from continuous bleeding; to perform an emergency surgery; to give blood and serum transfusion; to reveal digestion disturbances
Finish the sentences:
1. Acute cholecystitis is known... (a) to be characterized by pain radiating to the breastbone and lumbar area; 6) to be accompanied by profuse external bleeding) 2. Irregular diet as well as an emotional overstrain have been found ... (a) to result in the disturbances of peripheral blood circulation; 6) to contribute to the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers) 3. Clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma prove... (a) to vary with the stage of its development, location and spread through the lymphatic nodes and other inner organs; 6) to be associated with the lesions of the central nervous system)
1. Translate the sentences. 2. Find the subject in the main clause and the word acting as a subject in the Absolute Participle Construction:
1. Digestion disturbances having been present for a long period of time, the patient was prescribed a strict diet not containing any fat. 2. The patient suffering from a continuous bleeding, severe anaemia developed. 3. There being no characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis, the patient was allowed to vary his diet. 4. Tumour cells being spread with the blood flow, metastases may appear in various organs.
Supply extended answer to the following questions:
Who of Soviet scientists proved the existence of association between a lesion of the central and peripheral nervous systems and the development of ulcer? 2. What do you know about the corticovisceral theory of ulcers? 3. Give the characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis. 4. What factors contribute to the development of gastric cancer? 5. What is the development of acute appendicitis accompanied by? 6. What did the prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin prove? 7. What pathologic changes does hepatitis produce in the human body? 8. What three forms of cholecystitis are there? 9. What treatment is indicated in purulent and gangrenous forms of cholecystitis? 10. What diseases may be accompanied by jaundice?
Say what diseases are spoken about in the following statements:
This disease is treated surgically. The operation is performed not under general but under local anaesthesia. The operation must be performed immediately to prevent the development of peritonitis.
Ibis disease is most commonly observed in nervous persons. Such factors as mental and emotional overstrain contribute considerably to its development. The incidence of this disease is higher in men than in women. This disease is characterized by a chronic cyclic course.
When the physician examines the patient with this disease he reveals severe tenderness in the right upper part of the abdomen and in the umbilical area. The physician also notes slight jaundice of sclerae. The patient complains of dryness in the mouth, vomiting, nausea and constipation.
1. Read Text B. 2. Say what the doctor must pay particular attention to while examining a patient whose condition is suggestive of liver or bile duct disease:
Text B. Symptoms of Diseases of the Liver and Bile Ducts
When the physician is taking the patient’s medical history he must pay attention to the patient’s working and living conditions, the diet which the patient follows, the history of past diseases, particularly of those of the alimentary tract, and the condition of the nervous and endocrine systems, because a hepatic disease is often directly associated with these factors.
For example, overeating, particularly of fatty foods, alcoholism may sometimes suggest the diagnosis of the fatty degeneration of the liver. A persistent lesion of the liver may be observed after Botkin’s disease and in chronic infections. Involvement of the liver and bile ducts is often found after gastrointestinal diseases, gastritis being one of them.
The patient’s complaints of loss of weight, pain in the right hypochondrium and abdominal enlargement may contribute to the proper diagnosis of the diseases of the liver and bile ducts. Among the characteristic symptoms of a hepatic disease are a yellowish colour of the skin, sclerae and of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, dilatation of the veins in the umbilical area, tenderness in the left and right hypochondrium.