In 1878 while delivering his lecture on the theory of microbes at the Academy of Sciences in Paris Pasteur said that if he were a surgeon, who knew of the dangers produced by microbes existing on the surface of every object, particularly in hospitals, not only should he use clean instruments, but after washing his hands with the greatest care, he would employ only those bandages and charpie2 which had been heated to a temperature of 130° or 150°C.
If he employed the water he would heat it to a temperature of 110° or 120°C, since observation had shown the clearest water to contain still greater number of microbes.
Had those principles of asepsis, on which Pasteur insisted, not been strictly followed in medicine thousands and thousands of human lives would have been lost because of sepsis.
i Notes
to attenuate [a’tenjueit]—ослаблять, разбавлять
charpie l’Japi]—карпия, льняные нитки для перевязки ран
LESSON 49
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже: diphtheria [dif.Giaria], prostration [pras’treijbn], tonsil [‘tonsi], larynx
[‘laerrjks], toxemia [tok’simia], delirium [di’limm], disintegrate [dis’intigreit] отравление крови (заражение крови); прострация, изнеможение; бред; бредовое состояние; распадаться; дифтерит миндалевидная железа; гортань
Выучите следующие слова: backache [‘baekeik] п боль в спине smear [‘smia] п мазок
culture [‘клк/э] п посев; выращивание бактерий extreme [iks’tn:m] а крайний; чрезвычайный convalescence [,konva’lesns] п выздоровление
fatal [‘ feitl] а летальный, смертельный
outcome [‘autkAm] n исход
1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие: а) сослагательное наклонение; б) сложное дополнение; в) сложное подлежащее; г) самостоятельный причастный оборот. 3. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
температура была непостоянной, пульс был неправильный, незначительно увеличенное количество, мазок был взят на посев, налеты на миндалинах, очищение горла
Text С. Diphtheria
The patient was a seven-year-old girl. Her fever was irregular and considerably elevated. The general symptoms, such as headache and backache were not severe, but her pulse was weak and irregular. The urinalysis revealed protein to be present in a slightly increased amount.
The patient’s throat being examined, the physician noticed it be coated with a membrane. To make an adequate diagnosis the smear was taken for culture which revealed diphtheria bacilli. If diphtheria bacilli had not been revealed in the smear the doctor might have doubted the diagnosis.
The disease having progressed, prostration became marked. The membranes which had been seen at first on the tonsils were spreading to the pharynx and larynx.
The patient received an adequate treatment with diphtheria antitoxin which contributed to the clearing up of the throat. Had the antitoxin treatment not been employed so soon toxemia would have been intense and delirium and prostration extreme or heart failure, respiratory paralysis or bronco-pneumonia might have developed.
After four or five days the membrane which had been extending over the tonsils, pharynx, and larynx began to loosen (зд. разрыхляться) and disintegrate. In 10 days convalescence was noted to have advanced favourably and the danger of a fatal outcome was considered to have been completely eliminated.
1. The bacteriologist was sure that the blood smear would reveal cocci. 2. If it were a severe form of diphtheria it would be characterized by general prostration, cardiac depression and even anaemia. 3. The physician did not doubt that the smear culture would reveal diphtheria bacilli. 4. Had the temperature been accompanied by vomiting, headache and chills the diagnosis of diphtheria would have been possible. 5. Subcutaneous injections of antibiotics should be given regularly lest the disease progressed.
1. На вашем месте я назначил бы больному повторный анализ. 2. Врач настаивал, чтобы больной наблюдался по поводу отдаленных результатов в течение года. 3. У больного были такие желтые склеры, как будто бы он болел желтухой.
to be admitted to the hospital, to complain of, on physical examination, symptoms, to reveal, laboratory findings, antitoxin treatment, the course of the disease, convalescence
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Translate the following word combinations:
1. летальный исход; 2. мазок крови; 3. обложенный язык; 4. тяжелое отравление крови; 5. бредовое состояние; 6. чрезвычайное утомление; 7. выздоровление было гладким (без осложнений)
Choose a noun that can be used as an attribute of each of the nouns given below:
blood, diphtheria, lymph node, barium, emergency, tissue, incubation
antitoxin, biopsy, meal, surgery, degeneration, period, smear
Choose the verbs to be used with the nouns:
to complain of, to support, to prescribe, to sterilize, to eliminate, to remove
a strict diet, chills, the danger, the theory, a benign tumour, surgical instruments
Translate the following sentences:
1. If chemotherapy had not been discontinued last week liver damage would have become too severe. 2. Profuse external bleeding had to be controlled in time lest the patient would die. 3. The physician insisted that the patient should follow a strict diet. 4. This idea is likely to be supported by everybody. 5. It is important that all surgical instruments be sterilized adequately.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words given in bold type:
1. Looking back at the great discoveries of science many of them seem so simple. 2. Having been sterilized for only a few minutes the instruments were not considered to be harmless. 3. A little barium meal was given to the patient when the filling defect was being revealed. 4. Does the atmospheric air contain little or much moisture at the seaside? 5. Few effects of gastric ulcer are marked in patients during remissions, but inadequate diet is responsible for their recurrence.
1. Translate the extract using a dictionary. 2. Entitle it. Say what Dr. Martin undertook to save the girl’s life:
TextD
Mary was a child of seven or eight. Doctor Marlin found her lips and fingers blue, and her face pale. From time to time she made an effort to breathe deeply and coughed up much saliva with grayish specks.
It was, he considered, quinsy or diphtheria. Probably diphtheria. No time now for bacteriological examinations and many other clinical tests. The doctor was watching the girl nervously trying her pulse again and again.
Doctor Martin decided to get diphtheria antitoxin from me nearby town and asked the child’s father to ring up the chemist’s there.
Martin was waiting nervously looking at the child. Her hoarse breathing became terrible. Should he operate: cut into the larynx so that she might breathe? He had to do something. “Get a few hot towels and keep them around her neck,” Martin said to the child’s mother. At that moment the child’s father appeared telling him that there was nobody at the chemist’s. “Then listen. I am afraid this may be serious. I must get some antitoxin. I am going to drive to town myself. You continue these hot applications. And the room must be moister. So keep a little boiling water here. No use of medicine now. I’ll be back soon.”
From “Arrowsmith” by Sinclair Lewis. (Adapted)
LESSON 50
HOME ASSIGNMENTS Revision
Повторите лексический, текстовой и грамматический материал, цикл VI (уроки 48,49).
1. В каких предложениях употребляется сослагательное наклонение?
Какими способами передается сослагательное наклонение в английском языке?
1. If the patient had been infected with food poisons he would have suffered from acute abdominal pains. 2. It is necessary that the patient should be rehospitalized next week. 3. The physician suggested that a sufficient dose of vaccine should be injected subcutaneously. 4. It is important that diphtheria antitoxin treatment should contribute to the convalescence of the patient. 5. The patient was recommended to follow the treatment for another week lest chills and backache should recur.
1. (Little, a little) blood is sufficient to carry out the clinical analysis. 2. If (many, much) leucocytes and rapid sedimentation rate are revealed the physician may suggest the presence of infection. 3. During the operation the surgeon noted that (much, many) of the peritoneum had been involved in the pathologic process.
особый путь проникновения, во время кашля иЛи разговора, в виде капель, различные предметы
Text A. The Origin of Infections
The infectious diseases of man are usually divided into two large groups. Some diseases affect only men, others affect both man and animals, with man most frequently infected from animals.
Every infectious disease has not only characteristic clinical manifestations but also its own specific way of invasion into the human body.
Such a disease as dysentery [‘disntri], which is one of the diseases of the intestinal infections, is spread through the intestines and stools.
The infections of the respiratory tract compose the second subgroup. During coughing or talking the pathogens are discharged from the infected organism with the mucus from the membranes of the respiratory tract into the air in the form of drops. The infection is spread when the air containing drops of mucus with the pathogens in it, is breathed in. The diseases of this subgroup are diphtheria, smallpox, etc.
The diseases of the third subgroup are spread through the skin and the mucosa in which the pathogens multiply. In some cases it is the skin, in others it is the mucous membrane of the eye. Direct contact and various things belonging to the sick may be responsible for spreading the infective agent.
The diseases of the fourth subgroup are spread by living insects. The pathogens causing these infections circulate in the blood or lymph and are not discharged from the organism. The insects become infected as they ingest (сосут) the blood of a diseased man. They become infectious for other people after the pathogens have multiplied in their organism. All these diseases, of which encephalitis is an example, are called blood infections [in’sefolaitis],
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS Revision
Find the prefixes, explain their meaning, translate the words:
indirect, subcutaneous, intratracheal, extrahepatic, aseptic, abnormality, disappear, inadequate, impossible, readmit
Give the words of
the close meaning: an end, to use, former, a shortage, a recovery, to damage, having connection with;
the opposite meaning: to evacuate, an outcome, artificial, favourable, previous, to connect, relative
Translate the following word combinations:
1. жизненная емкость легких; 2. природный иммунитет;
искусственный иммунитет: 4. при различных условиях;
последующие инфекции; 6. предыдущий приступ; 7. достаточное количество; 8. вводить вакцину подкожно; 9. предупреждать распространение бактерий; 10. вызывать лейкоцитоз; 11. поражать жизненные органы; 12. активная сопротивляемость
Make up the sentences choosing the appropriate subject:
The patient was always and still is one of the most
common and fatal diseases of the tropics.
Malaria is characterized by persisting temperature
which varies slightly during the night.
Continuous fever in children, the weak and the aged is
influenced more favourably by warm, moist air.
Bronchitis who had injured his right arm and had
several deep wounds on it was injected 1,500 units of antitetanic (противостолбнячная) serum.
Answer the following questions:
1. What are infections caused by? 2. What is immunity? 3. What are toxins?
What are antitoxins? 5. How can artificial immunity be produced? 6. What role do phagocytes play in the human body? 7. What are vaccines used for? 8. What is sepsis? 9. What analysis is performed to confirm the evidence of diphtheria? 10. What is a severe case of diphtheria characterized by?
Translate the following sentences:
1. If the resistance of the organism to infections were insufficient any man would suffer from numerous infectious diseases. 2. The physician wanted to know if the patient had been given diphtheria vaccination previously. 3. If the man is operated on for appendicitis he is given local anaesthesia. 4. If he had not been ill with diphtheria the membrane would not have extended over the tonsils, pharynx and larynx.
Translate the following using the Subjunctive Mood:
На вашем месте:
Я бы ввел это лекарство подкожно. 2. Я бы применил вакцинацию в этом случае. 3. Я бы исследовал, как размножаются патогенные микроорганизмы.
Read Text В and retell it:
Text В. Edward Jenner
Edward [‘edwad] Jenner [‘d^ena] was born in 1749. He was an English physician, the discoverer of vaccination. Jenner studied medicine in London. He began practice in 1773 when he was twenty-four years old.
Edward Jenner liked to observe and investigate ever since he was a boy. His persistent scientific work resulted in,-the .discovery of vaccination against smallpox. For many years every infant when it was about a year old was vaccinated against this disease. The vaccination was effective for a prolonged period, of time. Now vaccination against smallpox is not carried out because this disease has been stamped out (искоренять) in our country.
In Jenner’s days one out of every five persons in London carried the marks of this disease on his face. But there were few people who recovered from the disease, because in the 18th century smallpox was one of the main causes of death.
The disease had been common for centuries in many countries of Asia. The Turks (турки) had discovered that a person could be prevented from a serious attack of smallpox by being infected with a mild form of the disease.
One day Jenner heard a woman say: “I cannot catch smallpox, I’ve had the cowpox (телячья оспа).” That moment led to Jenner’s continuous investigations and experiments.
The first child whom Jenner introduced the substance from cowpox vesicles [‘vesiklz] (пузырек) obtained from the wound of a diseased woman was Jimmy Phipps. It was in 1796. For the following two years Jenner continued his experiments. In 1798 he published the report on his discovery. He called his new method of preventing smallpox “vaccination”, from the Latin word vacca, that is “a COW”.