• Audio / Music program (iTunes)

• Database (Access)

• Device drivers

• E-mail (Outlook)

• Game (World of Warcraft)

• Internet browser (Firefox)

• Movie player (VLC)

• Operating system (Windows XP)

• Photo / Graphics program (CorelDRAW)

• Presentation (Powerpoint)

• Programming language (Perl)

• Simulation (Flight simulator)

• Spreadsheet (Excel)

• Utility (Compression, Disk Cleanup, Encryption, Registry cleaner, Screensaver)

• Word processor (Word)

How is software created?

A computer programmer or several computer programmers write the instructions using a programming language that tell the software how to work. Once a program has been completed it is compiled into a language that the computer can understand.

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/software.htm

1. Переведите текст:

Слово 'computer' в латинском языке означает "считать". Компьютер - это электронное устройство. Компьютер имеет аппаратную часть, которая называется 'hardware'. Аппаратная часть состоит из самой машины и ее компонентов. Для работы с компьютером существует программное обеспечение, называемое 'software'. Компьютеры являются программируемыми устройствами, то есть то, что делает компьютер, зависит от программы, которую он использует. Программа - перечень инструкций. Вне зависимости от того, какую программу использует компьютер, машина выполняет четыре основные операции: ввод, обработку, вывод, хранение.

2. Словообразование.

а) выучите приставки размера:

semi- (половина, частично); equi- (равный); mini- (малый);

micro- (очень малый); macro- / mega- (большой, великий).

б) подберите английским словам их русские соответствия:

1. semiconductor; 2. equidistant; 3. minicomputer; 4. macroeconomics; 5. megabyte; 6. microcomputer.

1. мегабайт (2²⁰ байт); 2. макроэкономика; 3. микроЭВМ; 4. мини-ЭВМ; 5.равноотстоящий; 6. полупроводник.

3. Подберите к русским словам их английские соответствия.

1. процедура; 2. клавиша; 3. память; 4. хранение; 5. выключать; 6. десятичная система счисления; 7. бит; 8. рабочая область (памяти); 9. дисковод; 10. временный; 11. двоичные числа; 12. символ; 13. байт.

1. temporary; 2. workspace; 3. disk drive; 4. binary digits; 5. key; 6. storage; 7. memory; 8. switch off / turn off; 9. procedure; 10. decimal number system; 11. byte; 12. character; 13. bit.

Peripheral (auxiliary) devises.

1.Read. Write down and translate the marked words.

A computer peripheral is any external device that provides input and output for the computer. For example, a keyboard and mouse are input peripherals, while a monitor and printer are output peripherals. Computer peripherals, or peripheral devices, are sometimes called "I/O devices" because they provide input and output for the computer. Some peripherals, such as external hard drives, provide both input and output for the computer.

Some common input devices include:

keyboard

mouse

touchscreen

joystick

scanner

digital camera

video camera

microphone

Some common output devices include:

monitor

projector

TV screen

printer

plotter

speakers

http://www.techterms.com/definition/peripheral

2. Do you agree with the given definition to peripheral devises? Give a scientific definition to peripheral devises.

3. Tell some words about wired and wireless connection.

4. Do Exercises.

1. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Translate.

1. The part of the processor which controls data transfers between the various input and output devices ________ (call) the control unit.

2. The address bus ________ (use) to send address details between memory and the address register.

3. The pixel positions ________ (pass on) to the computer's pattern recognition software.

4. An operating system ________ (store) on disk.

5. Instructions written in a high-level language ________ (transform) into machine code.

6. In the star configuration, all processing and control functions ________ (perform) by the central computer.

7. When a document arrives in the mail room. the envelope ________ (open) by a machine.

8. Once the index ________ (store), a temporary key number ________ (generate) and ________ (write) on the document.

2. Match these words with their definitions:

3. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

1. electron, electronic, electronics, electronically

   1. An _______ pen is one example of an input device.

   2. A computer solves problems _______ .

   3. Many _______ students go on to work as engineers.

2. technology, technological, technologically, technologist

1. The computer is the greatest _______ invention of the twentieth century.

2. There are two _______ involved in a clipboard PC.

3. Today's computers are _______ far superior to those used a few years ago.

3. identify, identifying, identifiable, identity

1. The clipboard's pattern recognition software immediately _______ the letters and numbers written by the stylus.

2. Most computer companies will not allow people without an ______ card to enter their premises.

3. A password is a mechanism for _______ the computer-user and allowing access.

4. compute, computing, computation, computerize, computerization

1. The _______ of the manufacturing division will be expensive in the-short term, but cost-effective in the long term.

2. We should be able to _______ our profit for next year fairly accurately with the new program.

3. I could tell from all the _______ on the board that a math’s lesson was in progress.

CD-ROM.

1.Read. Write down and translate the marked words.

CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory) is an adaptation of the CD that is designed to store computer data in the form of text and graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound. The original data format standard was defined by Philips and Sony in the 1983 Yellow Book. Other standards are used in conjunction with it to define directory and file structures, including ISO 9660, HFS (Hierarchal File System, for Macintosh computers), and Hybrid HFS-ISO. Format of the CD-ROM is the same as for audio CDs: a standard CD is 120 mm (4.75 inches) in diameter and 1.2 mm (0.05 inches) thick and is composed of a polycarbonate plastic substrate (underlayer - this is the main body of the disc), one or more thin reflective metal (usually aluminum) layers, and a lacquer coating.

The Yellow Book specifications were so general that there was some fear in the industry that multiple incompatible and proprietary formats would be created. In order to prevent such an occurrence, representatives from industry leaders met at the High Sierra Hotel in Lake Tahoe to collaborate on a common standard. Nicknamed the High Sierra Format, this version was later modified to become ISO 9660. Today, CD-ROMs are standardized and will work in any standard CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM drives can also read audio compact discs for music, although CD players cannot read CD-ROM discs.

CD-ROM Data Storage

Although the disc media and the drives of the CD and CD-ROM are, in principle, the same, there is a difference in the way data storage is organized. Two new sectors were defined, Mode 1 for storing computer data and Mode 2 for compressed audio or video/graphic data.

CD-ROM Mode 1

CD-ROM Mode 1 is the mode used for CD-ROMs that carry data and applications only. In order to access the thousands of data files that may be present on this type of CD, precise addressing is necessary. Data is laid out in nearly the same way as it is on audio disks: data is stored in sectors (the smallest separately addressable block of information), which each hold 2,352 bytes of data, with an additional number of bytes used for error detection and correction, as well as control structures. For mode 1 CD-ROM data storage, the sectors are further broken down, and 2,048 used for the expected data, while the other 304 bytes are devoted to extra error detection and correction code, because CD-ROMs are not as fault tolerant as audio CDs. There are 75 sectors per second on the disk, which yields a disc capacity of 681,984,000 bytes (650MB) and a single speed transfer rate of 150 KBps, with higher rates for faster CD-ROM drives. Drive speed is expressed as multiples of the single speed transfer rate, as 2X, 4X, 6X, and so on. Most drives support CD-ROM XA (Extended Architecture) and Photo-CD (including multiple session discs).

CD-ROM Mode 2

CD-ROM Mode 2 is used for compressed audio/video information and uses only two layers of error detection and correction, the same as the CD-DA. Therefore, all 2,336 bytes of data behind the sync and header bytes are for user data. Although the sectors of CD-DA, CD-ROM Mode 1 and Mode 2 are the same size, the amount of data that can be stored varies considerably because of the use of sync and header bytes, error correction and detection. The Mode 2 format offers a flexible method for storing graphics and video. It allows different kinds of data to be mixed together, and became the basis for CD-ROM XA. Mode 2 can be read by normal CD-ROM drives, in conjunction with the appropriate drivers.

Data Encoding and Reading

The CD-ROM, like other CD adaptations, has data encoded in a spiral track beginning at the center and ending at the outermost edge of the disc. The spiral track holds approximately 650 MB of data. That's about 5.5 billion bits. The distance between two tracks on a surface, measured from the center of one track to the center of the next track is referred to as track pitch. The track pitch can range from 1.5 to 1.7 microns, but in most cases is 1.6 microns.

Constant Linear Velocity (CLV) is the principle by which data is read from a CD-ROM. This principal states that the read head must interact with the data track at a constant rate, whether it is accessing data from the inner or outermost portions of the disc. This is affected by varying the rotation speed of the disc, from 500 rpm at the center, to 200 rpm at the outside. In a music CD, data is read sequentially, so rotation speed is not an issue. The CD-ROM, on the other hand, must read in random patterns, which necessitates constantly shifting rotation speeds. Pauses in the read function are audible, and some of the faster drives can be quite noisy because of it.

http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/CD-ROM

4. Explain what the byte is.

5. Explain what the driver is.

6. Exercise. Word-play. Find the hidden words in this square. Some appear vertically, some horizontally, and some diagonally. They may be upside-down or back to front. Use the clues below to help you. The number of letters in each word and the first letter of the word appear in brackets. The first one has been done for you.

Find words which mean:

1. a computer that is small enough to hold in the hand (7, P)

2. an electronic pen (6, S)

3. to erase or omit (6, D)

4. one type of portable computer which operates with an electronic pen (9, C)

5. the information that the computer processes (4, D)

6. a network of lines crossing at right angles (4, G)

7. a signal to a processor to suspend temporarily the current sequence of instructions (9,I)

8. a pattern used as a guide for creating letters or characters (8, T)

9. an individual dot on a computer screen (5, P)