speed; peripheral; to control; to write; auxiliary; to do; to receive; rate; to record; to get; to make; to handle; device; unit; instruction; part; to accept; command; section; information; data; to take in.
to add;. presence; hole; input; full; north; to multiply; to divide; solid; south; output; blank; absence; to subtract.
Brief history of programming languages.
1842 Most historians recognize Ada Lovelace as the world’s first programmer. She wrote an algorithm for Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine. While she may be credited with being the first programmer, the algorithms Lovelace wrote for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine hardly counted as a "programming language".
1945 John Von Neumann developed two important concepts that directly affected the path of computer programming languages. The first was known as “shared-program technique”. The second concept was “conditional control transfer”.
1951 |
High level language compiler invented by Grace Murray Hopper. A compiler is a program that turns the language’s statements into 0’s and 1’s for the computer to understand. This lead to faster programming, as the programmer no longer had to do the work by hand. |
1954 |
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) development started by John Backus and his team at IBM - continuing until 1957. FORTRAN is a programming language, used for Scientific programming. |
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1958 |
LISP (interpreted language) developed, Finished in 1960. LISP stands for 'LISt Processing', but some call it 'Lots of Irritating and Stupid Parenthesis' due to the huge number of confusing nested brackets used in LISP programs. Used in A.I. development. Developed by John McCarthy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. |
1959 |
COBOL (COmmon Business-Orientated Language) was developed, the initial specifications being released in April 1960. |
1960 |
ALGOL - first structured, procedural, language to be released. |
1961 |
APL programming language released by Kenneth Iverson at IBM. |
1964 |
Programming language PL/1 released by IBM. |
1965 |
BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) developed at Dartmouth College, USA, by Thomas E. Kurtz and John Kemeny. Not implemented on microcomputers until 1975. It is often used in education to teach programming, and also at home by beginners. |
1967 |
Development on PASCAL started, to be finished in 1971. Based on ALGOL. Developed by Niklaus Wirth. Its use exploded after the introduction of Turbo Pascal, by Borland, in 1984 - a high speed and low cost compiler. It is used for a wide variety of tasks, it contains many features, is well structured and easy to learn. Borland Pascal v7.0 included an implementation of Object-Orientated programming (similar to C++). |
1968 |
LOGO programming language developed by Seymour Papert and team at MIT. |
1970 |
'Forth' programming language developed. |
1971 |
Development of PASCAL finished - see 1967. |
1972 |
C programming language developed at The Bell Laboratories in the USA by Dennis Ritche (one of the inventors of the UNIX operating system), its predecessor was the B programming language - also from The Bell Laboratories. It is a very popular language, especially for systems programming - as it is flexible and fast. C++, allowing for Object-Orientated Programming, was introduced in early 1980s. |
1973 |
Prolog developed at the University of Luminy-Marseilles in France by Alain Colmerauer. It is often used for AI programming. |
1975 |
First implementation of BASIC by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, it was written for the MITS Altair - the first personal computer - this led to the formation of Microsoft later in the year. |
1979 |
Language Ada introduced by Jean Ichbiah and team at Honeywell. |
1984 |
Turbo Pascal Introduced by Borland (see PASCAL, 1967).
2. How do you understand the phrase 'Lots of Irritating and Stupid Parenthesis'? 3. Translate two paragraphs – either (1842-1945), (1965-1967) or (1972-1973) in the written form. |
Exercises.
Language |
Developed |
Function |
Characteristic |
FORTRAN |
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1959 |
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Mathematical and scientific purposes |
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combines features of COBOL and ALGOL |
BASIC |
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to support Unix operating system |
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основа глагола + еr/оr - существительное со значением лица, производящего
действие или орудие действия;
основа глагола + tion - существительное, обозначающее действие по глаголу.
Образец: instruct - instructor – instruction
compile - compiler – compilation
specify - specification
describe - description
1) instruction, instruct, instructed, instructor;
a. Our Maths .... explained to us the principles of binary arithmetic.
b. We were .... to document our programs very carefully.
c. Both .... and data have to be changed to machine code before the computer can operate on them.
2) compilation, compiler, compile, compiled;
a. Our university computer does not have a Pascal ....
b. Usually, a programmer .... his program before he puts in the data.
c. A source program cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has been ...
1. исследовать; 2. языки программирования; 3. машинный язык; 4. язык низкого уровня; 5. ассемблер; 6. язык высокого уровня; 7. доступный.
1. high-level language; 2. assembly language; 3. low-level language; 4. machine language; 5. available; 6. programming languages; 7. explore.
BACKUP CHDIR or CD CHKDSK CLS DEL DIR:SORT REN TYPE FIND DISKCOPY |
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Java is a computer programming language. It enables programmers to write computer instructions using English based commands, instead of having to write in numeric codes. It’s known as a “high-level” language because it can be read and written easily by humans. Like English, Java has a set of rules that determine how the instructions are written. These rules are known as its “syntax”. Once a program has been written, the high-level instructions are translated into numeric codes that computers can understand and execute.
In the early nineties, Java was created by a team led by James Gosling for Sun Microsystems. It was originally designed for use on digital mobile devices, such as cell phones. However, when Java 1.0 was released to the public in 1996, its main focus had shifted to use on the Internet. It provided more interactivity with users by giving developers a way to produce animated web pages. Over the years it has evolved as a successful language for use both on and off the Internet. A decade later, it’s still an extremely popular language with over 6.5 million developers worldwide.
Java was designed with a few key principles in mind:
Easy to Use: The fundamentals of Java came from a programming language called C++. Although C++ is a powerful language, it was felt to be too complex in its syntax, and inadequate for all of Java's requirements. Java built on, and improved the ideas of C++, to provide a programming language that was powerful and simple to use.
Reliability: Java needed to reduce the likelihood of fatal errors from programmer mistakes. With this in mind, object-oriented programming was introduced. Once data and its manipulation were packaged together in one place, it increased Java’s robustness.
Secure: As Java was originally targeting mobile devices that would be exchanging data over networks, it was built to include a high level of security. Java is probably the most secure programming language to date.
Platform Independent: Programs needed to work regardless of the machine they were being executed on. Java was written to be a portable language that doesn't care about the operating system or the hardware of the computer.
The team at Sun Microsystems was successful in combining these key principles, and Java's popularity can be traced to it being a robust, secure, easy to use and portable language.
http://java.about.com/od/gettingstarted/a/whatisjava.htm
1. Программное обеспечение - это набор инструкций, который управляет аппаратной частью компьютера. 2. Программы пишутся на языках программирования. 3. Программисты — это люди, обученные использованию языка программирования и написанию программ. 3. До 1952г. единственным доступным языком программирования был машинный язык, называемый языком низкого уровня. 5. В языке ассемблера программисты используют короткий машинный код, который означает специфические машинные операции. 6. Программа "Ассемблер" переводит эти коды на машинный язык, чтобы компьютер мог выполнять команды. 7. В языках высокого уровня программисты используют простые английские слова и знакомые математические выражения.