Материал: Глебова Е.И. - Английский язык для медицинских специалистов, 2012

1.What does the term “angina” mean?

2.List the risk factors for this disease.

3.What is the location of the pain in the patients with angina?

4.Where does the anginal pain radiate to?

5.How does the patient describe the symptoms of angina?

6.What factors can precipitate anginal pain?

7.How can the patient relieve an anginal attack?

8.How many nitrate drugs can the patient take consequently?

Task 4. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? If the statement is false, correct the statement.

1.Angina is caused by lack of oxygen in the heart.

2.Women are affected more often than men.

3.The patient will complain of a right-sided chest pain.

4.Electrocardiogram changes can confirm the diagnosis of angina.

5.If pain is present, a patient should take 5 tablets of nitroglycerin.

GRAMMAR

Task 5. Put he verb given in brackets into Active or Passive.

1.Stable angina ________________ by left-sided or central chest pain. (to characterize)

2.Pain _______________ on exertion. (to precipitate)

3.A patient may ______________ feeling of heaviness or uselessness in the arms. (to describe)

4.Men ______________ more often than women. (to affect)

5.Pain _______________ at rest or sublingual nitrate. (to relieve)

6.Nitroglycerin ______________ vasodilation of coronary arteries.

(to produce)

7.Pain _______________ by discomfort in the arms, wrists, and sometimes the hands. (to accompany)

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4. Stroke

 VOCABULARY and PRONUNCIATION

 READING and SPEAKING

Task 2. Warm-up discussion.

What is stroke? What are the possible consequencies of this disease? Can we prevent it?

Task 3. Read the text and answer the questions.

Stroke (or cerebrovascular accident) is a medical emergency. It is a rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to an interruption in the blood supply to all or part of the brain.

There are two types of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot forms in a damaged vessel and blocks the blood flow to a part of the brain. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bursting of a blood vessel that stops normal blood flow. As a result blood leaks into

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and destroys an area of the brain. Without oxygen and nutrients, nerve cells in the brain will die within minutes. When this happens, the part of the body controlled by these cells fails to function properly as well.

The risk factors of stroke include high blood pressure, advanced age, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, the use of estrogens, and atherosclerosis.

Stroke may be caused by cerebral thrombosis, embolism, or hemorrhage. Thrombosis as the leading cause of stroke accounts for approximately 50% of all the cases. Cerebral embolism makes up 30 to 35%, and hemorrhage – about 20 to 25%.

The symptoms of stroke can vary from mild to severe. It depends on the area of the brain involved in the pathological process. Among these symptoms one can name impaired body sensation, impaired movement, headache, dizziness, confusion, visual disturbance, loss of speech, difficulty of swallowing, etc. In most cases, the symptoms develop in minutes or over a period of hours. However, in some cases the development occurs over a period of several days.

Weakness, or paralysis on one or both sides of the body, rapid loss of consciousness, or coma would be the symptoms that signal serious stroke. Less severe stroke may have symptoms that are barely noticeable.

The diagnosis of stroke is made by electroencephalogram (EEG) data, scanning of the brain, laboratory findings, and other modern methods of diagnosis. Clinical symptoms are also very important to make the correct diagnosis.

Stroke should be taken seriously since there is always a chance of severe complications. Even if the symptoms of stroke last for less than 24 hours with a full recovery, the patient should seek medical attention. An ambulance should be called immediately. Although about half of the patients with stroke recover almost completely, some intellectual

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impairment may be permanent. Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the developed countries.

The treatment of stroke depends on its severity. A patient who is hospitalized for stroke may be treated with diuretics, or anticoagulant drugs depending on the cause and extent of the damage.

Task 1. Read the text and answer these questions.

1.What does the term “cerebrovascular accident” mean?

2.List the types of stroke that you know.

3.What is hemorrhagic stroke?

4.What are the risk factors for stroke?

5.Describe the main causes of stroke?

6.Can you name the symptoms of this disease?

7.How can stroke be diagnosed?

8.Why do you think stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the developed countries?

Task 4. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? If the statement is false, correct the statement.

1.Stroke is a slowly developing impairment of brain function.

2.It occurs when the blood flow to the part of the heart stops.

3.High blood pressure is one of the risk factors of stroke.

4.Symptoms of stroke can vary depending on the location of brain

damage.

5.A patient with stroke doesn’t need hospitalization and can be treated at home.

GRAMMAR

Task 5. Match the columns A, B and C to form the sentences. Make the sentences negative, make questions and answer them.

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