1. Which definition of the term “design” did you like most of all?
2. What are he examples of design?
3. Is there one universal language or one unifying institution for designers of all disciplines?
4. What designers do you know?
5. What dimensions of both the design object and the design process does designing often needs considering?
Example: Mary/ live/ in/ a town/ near Dublin.
Mary lives in a town near Dublin.
John/ not go to school by bus.
Bob/ be/ a mechanic.
He/ enjoy/ reading books in his free time.
There/ be/ many festivals/ in our country.
I/ usually/ not work/ on Saturdays.
This 1) … (be) Ingrid and she 2) (come) from Sweden. She … (3) live with her family in a flat in the city of Stockholm. In the winter, it 4) … (get) dark very early in Sweden and it 5) … (snow) a lot. Most people there 6) … (love) skiing and children 7) … (learn) to ski at a very young age. In the summer, they 8) … (ride) bicycles and 9) … (spend) most of the day outdoors. Sweden 10) … (be) a beautiful country. Ingrid really 11) … (enjoy) living there.
The swimming bath … (open) at 9.00 and … (close) at 18.30 every day.
What time … (the banks/close) in Britain?
I have a car but I … (not/use) it very often.
‘What … (you/do)?’ ‘I’m an electrical engineer.’
‘Where … (your father/come) from?’ ‘He … (come) from Scotland.’
If you need money, why … (you/not/get) a job?
I … (play) the guitar, but I … (not/play) very way.
УРОК 2 LESSON TWO
Фонетика: Повторение чтения букв “i” и “y”.
Грамматика: Present Continuous Tense.
Тема: Дизайн как процесс. Design as a Process.
[ai] – line, five, high, design, mild, kind,
by, type, satisfy, apply.
[W] – first, third, thirteen, thirty.
[I] – traffic, satisfy, distance, since, will
early, industry, many, vary, topography.
[j] – your, you, yes.
amateur, n [`xmqtW] – любитель, не профессионал
discrete, a [dIs`krIt] – отдельный
consistent, a [kqn`sIstqnt] – совместимый, согласующийся
posit, v [`pozIt] - утверждать
in situ testing [ˎIn`saItju] – испытание, тестирование продукта дизайна
непосредственно на месте его создания или в естественных для него
условиях
feedback, n [`fJdbxk] – оценка продукта дизайна (потребителями),
отзывы (со стороны потребителей)
assumption, n [q`sAmpSqn] – предположение
antithetical, a [ˎxntI`TetIkql] – прямо противоположный
сontemporary, adv [kqn`tempqrqrI] – одновременно
inextricably, adv [In`ekstrIkqblI] – неразрывно
Это любительский спектакль. Актеры, которые в нем играют не профес- сиональные актеры. 2. Мы надеемся на положительные отзывы о нашей работе. 3. Эти два процесса неразрывно связаны. 4. То, что он сказал – всего лишь предположение, не более того. 5. Ваши поступки должны оответство- вать принципам нашего учебного заведения.
Design as a Process
Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, produce designs. There are two basic and fundamentally different ways of describing design processes, both of which have several names. The prevailing view has been called "The Rational Model".
The Rational Model posits that:
1. designers attempt to optimize a design candidate for known constraints and
objectives,
2. the design process is plan-driven,
3. the design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages.
The Rational Model is based on a rationalist philosophy. According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner. Technical rationality is at the center of the process.
Typical stages consistent with The Rational Model include the following.
Pre-production design.
Design brief or Parti pris – an early (often the beginning) statement of design goals.
Analysis – analysis of current design goals.
Research – investigating similar design solutions in the field or related topics.
Specification – specifying requirements of a design solution for a product (product design specification) or service.
Problem solving – conceptualizing and documenting design solutions.
Presentation – presenting design solutions.
Design during production.
Development – continuation and improvement of a designed solution.
Testing – in situ testing a designed solution.
Post-production design feedback for future designs.
Implementation – introducing the designed solution into the environment.
Evaluation and conclusion – summary of process and results, including constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements.
Redesign – any or all stages in the design process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, during, or after production.
The Rational Model has been widely criticized on two primary grounds:
1. Designers do not work this way – extensive empirical evidence has demon-strated that designers do not act as the rational model suggests.
2. Unrealistic assumptions – goals are often unknown when a design project begins, and the requirements and constraints continue to change.
The Action-Centric Model (Perspective) is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the Rational Model. It posits that:
1. designers use creativity and emotion to generate design candidates,
2. the design process is improvised,
3. no universal sequence of stages is apparent – analysis, design and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked.
Like the Rational Model, the Action-Centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge. However, research and knowledge are brought into the design process through the judgment and common sense of designers more than through the predictable and controlled process stipulated by the Rational Model. Designers' context-dependent experience and professional judgment take center stage more than technical rationality.
As this perspective is relatively new, it has not yet encountered much criticism. One possible criticism is that it is less intuitive than The Rational Model.
1. research, criticism, testing, analysis
2. constraints, objectives, goals, aims
3. agent, designer, process, amateur
4. improvised, creative, intuitive, substantial
А |
В |
1. In situ - |
a) “performance – appraisal data, collected from “all around”. |
2. Design feedback - |
b) a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to The Rational Model. |
3. Design – brief - |
c) in its natural,normal, or original place or position. |
4. The Action-Centric Model - |
d) an early (often the beginning) state- ment of design goals.
|
1. Are there many different ways of describing design processes? How many?
2. What is the Rational Model based on?
3. What does the Rational Model posit?
4. What are the typical stages of the design process consistent with the Rational Model?
5. Why has the Rational Model been widely criticized?
6. Are the concepts and principles of the Action-Centric Model (Perspective) antithetical to the Rational Model?
7. What does the Action-Centric Model posit?
8. What is the difference between the Rational Model and the Action-Centric Model?
9. Which of the models is truer in your opinion?
mow, ride, have, not go, play, wash, not clean, water, stay, eat
1. Gary is mowing the lawn.
2. Juan and Maria …. a sandwich.
3. I …. my room. I …. chess.
4. Kelly …a horse.
5. I … to the party. I … .
7. We … the car.
8. They … a dinner party on Saturday.
Dear Molly,
I 1) … (write) from the gorgeous island of Jamaica! Jim and I 2) … (stay) in a five-star hotel by the sea. Right now, I 3) … (sit) on the balcony and I 4) … (drink) a delicious fruit punch. Jim 5) … (walk) along the beach. He 6) … (collect) shells and rocks to bring back home. The weather 7) … (be) hot and sunny. We 8) … (spend) most of the day relaxing and reading under the beautiful palm trees. Tonight we 9) … (go) to a reggae festival and on Tuesday we 10) … (leave) for Barbados. The Jamaican people 11) … (make) you feel happy as they 12) … (be) cheerful and kind. I 13) … (love) it here so much that I 14) … (not/want) to leave!
See you soon.
Cindy
1. a) Most people in Thailand live in villages.
b) Most people in Thailand are living in villages.
2. a) We’re having a great time.
b) We have a great time.
3. a) What do you do now?
b) What are you doing now?
4. a) He’s flying to Oslo tomorrow.
b) He flies to Oslo tomorrow.
5. a) We see some friends this evening.
b) We are seeing some friends this evening.
6. a) Farmers are working in the fields.
b) Farmers work in the fields.
7. a) What is the Chinese like?
b) What are the Chinese like?
8. a) Brian haven’t got blue eyes.
b) Brian hasn’t got blue eyes.
9. a) A vet can treats sick animals.
b) A vet can treat sick animals.