Материал: Крючков Фундаменталс оф Нуцлеар Материалс Пхысицал Протецтион 2011

for servicing the NM A&C system. Development of a personnel training and retraining program is also essential.

References

1.Стандарт отрасли. Оснащение программно– аппаратное систем учета и контроля ядерных материалов. Общие требования. ОСТ 95 10537–97.

2.Зегжда Д.П., Ивашко А.М. Основы безопасности информационных систем. – М.: Горячая линия – Телеком, 2000.

3.Пискарев А.С., Шеин А.В. О состоянии и перспективах использования Общих критериев оценки безопасности информационных технологий в России для оценки применяемых в СУиК программных средств. – Материалы 5 международного рабочего семинара «Разработка Федеральной автоматизированной информационной системы учета и контроля ядерных материалов России», г. Новоуральск, Свердловской обл., 26–30 мая 2003 г.

4.Гостехкомиссия России. Руководящий документ. Концепция защиты средств вычислительной техники от несанкционированного доступа к информации. М., 1992.

5.Гостехкомиссия России. Руководящий документ. Средства вычислительной техники. Защита от несанкционированного доступа к информации. Показатели защищенности от несанкционированного доступа к информации. М., 1992.

6.Гостехкомиссия России. Руководящий документ. Автоматизированные системы. Защита от несанкционированного доступа к информации. Классификация автоматизированных систем и требования по защите информации. М., 1992.

7.Гостехкомиссия России. Руководящий документ. Временное положение по организации разработки, изготовления и эксплуатации программных и технических средств защиты информации от несанкционированного доступа в автоматизированных системах и средствах вычислительной техники. М., 1992.

8.Гостехкомиссия России. Руководящий документ. Защита от несанкционированного доступа к информации. Термины и определения. М., 1992.

9.Гостехкомиссия России. Министерство Российской Федерации по атомной энергии. Руководящий документ. Требования по защите от несанкционированного доступа к информации в автоматизированных системах учета и контроля ядерных материалов. М., 1997.

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10.Международное исследование в области компьютерной безопасности (обзор) – www.crime–research.ru/news/2003/07/2403.html

11.Государственный стандарт Российской Федерации. ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 15408–1–2001. Информационная технология. Методы и средства обеспечения безопасности критерии оценки безопасности информационных технологий. Часть 1. Введение и общая модель.

12.Государственный стандарт Российской Федерации. ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 15408–2–2001. Информационная технология. Часть 2.

13.Государственный стандарт Российской Федерации. ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 15408–2–2001. Информационная технология. Часть 3.

14.Федеральный Закон РФ от 27.12.2002 № 184– ФЗ «О техническом регулировании».

15.Вихорев С. ГОСТ на европейский лад, или Меняем не глядя? //

Сети. 2003. №2. – http://www.osp.ru/nets/2003/02/032.htm

16.Короткин Д. Обеспечение физической безопасности устранит 39 % угроз. Аналитическое приложение. – www.cnews.ru/newcom/index.html?2003/10/15/150071

17.Воинов Ю. Новоиндийская защита или катастрофоустойчивые решения по защите данных. – www.softdeco.com/index.php

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CHAPTER 9

AUTOMATION OF NM ACCOUNTING

Components of automated NM accounting are automated NM identification and measurement processes and automated data handling in computerized NM A&C systems (taking over and making commonly available data on the inventories and movements of nuclear material from the custodian through centralized databases, balance closings and so on). These serve to achieving a particular level of continuity and credibility to existing knowledge about nuclear material.

Most of the automated systems that have been until recently involved in nuclear material handling were manufacturer process systems, largely those used at bulk material handling plants, including nuclear material conversion, enrichment and fuel assembly fabrication facilities. Operations of these automated systems are quite likely to be adapted to uses in accounting and control of NM.

By now, however, it has become clear that large quantities of material fail to be encompassed by these process operations. Acquisition and processing of data on material accounting and control outside manufacturing sites has proved to be rather complex and time-taking. So then they need to be automated.

9.1. Use of barcode technology for identification of NM

Once converted to a computer-readable form, NM data will be perceived rapidly, accurately and, ultimately, cheaply. This can be ensured, say, through the use of a US information interexchange code (ASCII). Bar coding is a binary presentation form for automated processing and communication of data. Barcode (a term composed of the words bar and code) is a machine-readable symbol made by a combination of bars and intervals between these.

Basically, the new accounting and control system is distinctive in that it uses barcode technology to identify items, containers, seals, locations, vehicles, etc. [12]. Barcode technology is based on making optically recognizable line widths and spacing between lines. Both these parameters are used to encode data. Barcode technology saves time and efforts one needs to spend on NM physical inventory taking and random testing (i.e. where a great deal of label checking is involved). Barcode data input entails fewer errors, as compared to keypad data entries, by many orders of magnitude. It has been shown statistically that the probability of an error

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when using barcode technology is not more than 10–7 ÷ 10–6 . Credibility of barcode operations is achieved through avoidance of human factor, invariability of coding symbols and algorithms, and presence of check characters in symbols.

Barcode symbologies

Barcode represents a meaningful message ciphered according to certain rules. A message is composed of words as a combination of characters. There are continuous and discrete characters. A discrete character begins with and ends in a bar with a space between characters. Continuous symbology has characters beginning with a bar and ending in a space with no intercharacter spacing.

Each barcode symbology is characterized by its own set of symbols, including using:

∙only digits (0–9);

∙letters and digits (А– Я, A–Z, 0–9);

∙full set of ASCII codes.

The bar and spacing width is a multiple of the width quantum Х referred to as “mil”, this being equal to 0.001 in = 0.025 m m. Symbologies may use:

∙two widths of elements: these can be narrow (Х) and wide (multiples of Х, often 2Х);

∙several widths – Х, 2Х, 3Х, 4Х, etc.

The message length may be fixed or varying. One and the same set of symbols, if expressed in different symbologies, has different lengths. The message length expressed in characters per inch (CPI) depends on the print density. The word begins with a start marker and ends in a stop marker. There are quite zones before and after the word. Quite zones have the size 5÷10 times as large as the width of the widest element. This makes barcodes easy to read since these are readable whatever the scanning direction is.

All barcodes incorporate a self-testing function. A code is tested at character, word and massage levels (the message level not necessarily). Peculiarities of barcode testing at character and word levels depend on the symbology used. Integrally, character-level self-testing suggests control with respect to:

∙total number of bars and spaces in a character;

∙number of bars in a character;

∙number of spaces in a character;

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∙total number of wide bars and spaces in a character;

∙number of wide bars;

∙number of wide intervals;

∙ratio of the widest element width to the width of the narrowest element. Word-level self-testing is conducted for:

∙presence of quite zones;

∙presence of the word start and stop markers;

∙presence and meaningfulness of check characters.

A check character is calculated depending on symbol data and encoded when words are printed. The algorithm of check character production depends on symbology. We shall consider an elementary example of a word-represented message - 73594. The digits in this word total 28. We leave the reminder from dividing this number by 10 as the check symbol. Then the message with the check symbol will be 735948. When the message is read, the check symbol is decoded and compared to the value calculated from the word characters read that have been read. The message is not given out if there is a nonconformity. Thus, barcodes represent a credible means of computer-aided data acquisition.

Selected barcode symbologies

To date, there are over one hundred known barcode symbol systems. Some of these are used extensively thanks to their positive qualities.

Code 39 symbology (current version – Mod. 43) has 43 characters (originally, there were 39 characters) and is one of the simplest symbologies. This barcode standard has rather multiple industrial, military and medical uses in Russia. This is a discrete alphanumerical code with start and stop markers. Mod. 43 makes it possible to add check characters to words. Figures 9.1 and 9.2 give an example of a barcode mark for standard 39 and a symbol encoding pattern. It can be seen that letters, digits and other symbols are encoded using as few as 9 elements: 5 bars and 4 spaces, of which each may be wide and narrow. The word start and stop marker is asterisk.

The encoding simplicity ensures high probability of marker resolution where complexities occur (the marker image is not clear). When used, this symbology gives, on the average, less than one error observed per 3 million readings even if there is no check character. Mod. 43 features high credibility of symbology thanks to a check character added to words.

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