average [xv(q)rIG] a – средний
average daily flow – среднесуточная интенсивность движения
radiate [reIdIeIt] v – излучать, расходиться лучами
track [trxk] n – путь, дорога
signpost [saInpqVst] n – указательный столб
carriage-way [kxrIGweI] n – проезжая часть дороги
lane [leIn] n– полоса
jam [Gxm] n – (транспортная) пробка
repair [rIpFq] n, v– ремонт; ремонтировать
race [reIs] n – гонка, соревнование
injure [InGq] v – калечиться, повредить
look to [lVk] v – обращаться
either way [aIDqweI] – в любом случае
masculinity [,mxskjulInItI] n – мужественность
stick in [stIk] (stuck, stuck) v – застрять, попасть
timetable [taIm,teIbl] n – расписание, график (работы и т.п.)
environmentalist [in,vaIqr(q)nmentqlIst] n – эколог
crowd [kraVd] n, v – толпа; переполнять
pollute [pqlu:t] v – загрязнять
Modern Highways in Great Britain
British modern highways are classified according to average daily flow. There are three groups of the roads: Class I, Class II and unofficial. Class I roads are arterial roads radiating from London to far parts of the country and joining big cities. Class II roads are a little less important than arterial ones. Unofficial roads include agricultural and foot tracks. Each highway of the first two classes has a different number, which appears on all signposts and two carriage-ways with some traffic lanes.
One of the main important roads is the M25. It is the motorway around London opened in 1986. Today people call it the biggest car park in Europe. Every morning on the radio we hear about jams, and road repairs, and races, and which parts of the M25 to avoid. One day we will hear “There is a traffic jam all way round the M25 in both directions. If you are driving to work, we advise you to go back home”.
5 000 people a year are killed on British roads, and 40 000 are injured. For children, road accidents are a major cause of death.
Cities and towns all over the world have a huge problem, and no government really knows what to do. For once it is not a matter of technology which is stopping us. If we want to build two-level roads, we can do it. If we want trains which can travel at hundreds of miles an hour, we can build them.
The problem is a question of principle. Should we look to road or rail for our transport needs? Should the Government, or private companies, control them? And either way, who should pay?
Cars are symbols of freedom, wealth, and masculinity. But you are stuck in a traffic jam; all cars are just little metal boxes to sit in. The people who believe in roads say that cars represent a personal choice to travel when and where you want to. But on trains and buses – public transport – you have to travel when the timetable says you can. These people think that if you build more roads, the traffic will move more quickly, but research shows that if there are more roads, there will be more cars to fill them.
By 2015, the number of cars on the roads will double. Environmentalists are saying that we should put more money into public transport. Cars often carry just one person. If the public transport system works, more people will use it. If trams carry more people, the roads won’t be so crowded, and cars pollute the air more than trains.
By 2025, just to park all cars in Britain will need an area larger than London. Soon we won’t be able to move another inch; we’ll have to stay exactly where we are. So, if you are going to become a driver, do not forget about this thing.
UNIT XIII
EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTION AND ITS TRANSLATION
Если хотят выделить какой-нибудь член предложения (подлежащее, дополнение, обстоятельство), то его ставят в начале предложения между it is(was) и that (who, whom) и на русский язык переводят со словом именно, только. Например, если в предложении I met his friends at the University yesterday (Я встретил его друзей в университете вчера), надо выделить подлежащее I, т. е. подчеркнуть, что именно я, а не кто иной встретил его друзей, то подлежащее I ставится между It was и that(who):
It was I that (who) met his friends at the University. Именно я встретил его друзей вчера в университете.
Если надо выделить дополнение, то his friends ставится между It was (that). Например:
It was his friends that (whom) I met at the University yesterday. Именно его друзей я встретил в университете вчера.
Подобным образом выделяем обстоятельство времени:
It was yesterday that I met his friends at the University. Именно вчера я встретил его друзей в университете.
При помощи оборота it is… that можно выделить придаточное предложение. При переводе такого предложения на русский язык используются слова только (после того как). Например:
It was after he had presented the report at the conference that the material was published. Только после того как он представил доклад на конференции, материал доклада был опубликован.
Следует обратить внимание на перевод оборота not until/till, который переводится на русский утвердительным, а не отрицательным (как в английском языке) предложением. Например:
It was not until/till June that we succeeded to pass the examinations. Только в мае нам удалось сдать экзамены.
It was not until we passed the exam we received the documents. Только когда мы сдали экзамен, мы получили документы.
Оборот it is… since служит для выделения обстоятельства времени, обозначающего продолжительность действия (for two hours, for one year, etc). При переводе на русский язык обычно используются слова уже… как. Например:
It is two months since I work at my diploma work. Уже два месяца как я работаю над дипломной работой.
It is with the help of radio that we receive information from the satellites.
It was in 1869 that Mendeleyev published his Periodic Table.
It was the Russian scientist Lodygin that (who) invented the electric lamp.
It was our country that liberated Europe from fascism during World War II.
It was yesterday that we discussed the plan of our work.
It was Yuri Gagarin who started the era of cosmic flights.
It was in 1957 when the first satellite was launched in our country.
It was the Londoners that used a new way of travel.
It was in 1863 that Londoners used the underground for the first time.
It was on April 26, 1755 that the opening of Moscow University took place.
It was these problems that wrecked the country`s economy in 1998.
It is this coincidence that makes the theory so very (столь) dangerous and confusing (вводить в заблуждение).
It is the simplicity of these devices that allows them to be automated.
It is the physical property of the substance that is known to attract attention of scientists.
It is ten years since we have been learning English.
It is hydrogen, one of the elements composing water that attracts attention of scientists in the whole world.
It is this kind of investigation and presentation of results that can be invaluable in pointing the direction for the future development of the whole industry.
It is carelessness that allows losses to be greater.
It is a difficulty that to be avoided wherever possible.
It is for this reason that cement is widely used as a building material in large-scale construction.
It was not until 1781 that Emerson invented the process of direct fusion of metals to produce a copper-zinc alloy we call brass.
It is not unlikely, however, that this technique will be successful.
Radioactive phenomena occur within the nucleus and it is here that mass and positive charge reside.
Только мой друг смог помочь мне.
Именно этот прибор был использован в нашем эксперименте.
Только несколько дней назад мы обсудили наше расписание.
Именно эту книгу следует нам купить.
Только летом мы смогли отдохнуть.
Уже три года, как мы учимся в Воронежском архитектурно-строительном университете.
Именно вольтметр должен быть использован для измерения этой величины.
Именно материал этой лекции нам следует тщательно проработать.
Только в этих условиях можно достичь хороших результатов.
Именно в Воронежском государственном архитектурно-строительном университете учился мой друг.
Только после того как она успешно сдала вступительные экзамены, ее приняли в аспирантуру.
Только в сентябре мы получили дипломы об окончании курсов.
Уже десять лет, как я учу английский язык.
Именно наш преподаватель помог нам решить это уравнение.
Только в 1850 году Джоуль измерил механический эквивалент тепла.
Только в 1955 году был открыт этот закон.
Именно в этом отношении эта теория отличается от теории, которая была представлена.
Именно благодаря радио люди получают информацию, собранную спутниками на границах космоса.
Именно весом воздуха объясняется атмосферное давление.
Именно City Hall в Нью-Йорке представляет прекрасный пример ранней федеральной архитектуры.
defy description – не поддаваться описанию
safe-cracker [seIf,krxkq] n – взломщик сейфов
swamp [swOmp] n – болото
fever [fJvq] n – лихорадка
swamp fever – малярия
scratch [skrxC] v – царапать, проникать
rickety [rIkItI] a – шаткий, покосившийся
shack [snxk] n – лачуга, хижина
luxurious [lAgzjVqrIqs] a – роскошный
mansion [mxnS(q)n] n – дворец, большой особняк
tenement [tenIment] n – многоквартирный дом
according to [qkLdIN,tV] prep – согласно, в соответствии с
lack [lxk] n – недостаток, нужда
at breakneck speed – сломя голову
skyscraper [skaI,skreIpq] n – небоскреб
borough [bArq] n – небольшой город; амер. один из пяти районов Нью-Йорка
subway [sAbweI] n – амер. метро
garbage [gQ:bIG] n – отбросы, мусор
bottomless market – рынок с неограниченными возможностями
New York
by Mitreille Vautier
New York defies description. You can say anything about it and always be right; if you listen to different people talking about it, they could each be describing a different town. For some, it’s a center of art, music and theater; for others, a city of finance and politics. For manufacturers it’s a bottomless market, for safe-crackers, Ali Baba’s cave.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century Manhattan was mostly swamp – so unhealthy that there was an epidemic of yellow fever, a disease more often associated with tropical regions. While the fine residential streets of London and the grand boulevards of Paris were being built, chickens were scratching around the muddy streets of New York. Rickety shacks housed people – and pigs; it wasn’t until 1867 that a municipal decree was passed, forbidding people to let their pigs run freely through the streets. Although rich ship-owners and financiers were building luxurious hotels and mansions, the newly arrived immigrants lived in disgusting slums. Buildings were divided and subdivided to accommodate as many people as possible; some even collapsed under the weight of extra storeys hastily added on. People lived in tenements which were nothing more that rows of dark cages: no lighting, running water or windows. According to police reports of the time, children died simply from lack of fresh air. Fires and diseases were a part of normal life.