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Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицей not, краткая форма: don't, doesn't, didn't: We do not write much. – Do we write much?

He didn't like the film. – Did he like the film? – What film didn't he like?

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные (regular and irregular verbs). У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle – простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания -ed (-d):

to ask – asked, to change – changed, to receive – received to work – worked.

При этом существует ряд особенностей:

а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется окончание -ed: to supply – supplied, to apply – applied;

б) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed: to stay – stayed, to play – played;

в) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается: to stop – stopped.

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Эти формы следует сверять по словарю и учить наизусть. Для описания регулярно повторявшихся действий, которые происходили в прошлом, используются также глаголы used to или would:

I used to watch TV a lot. In summer we would get up early and go for a swim.

3. Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.It (is, was) Thursday yesterday.

2.Paul (drinks, drank) a cup of tea two hours ago.

3.She (listen, listened) to the music last week.

4.They (are, were) hungry after me last lesson.

5.There (was, were) no wine for breakfast.

6.Nobody (smokes, smoked) in the classroom last evening.

7.A few minutes later somebody (knocks, knocked) at the door.

8.Who (enter, entered) the room 10 minutes ago?

9.It (was, were) time to leave.

10.Mr. Snow (turns, turned) on the radio half an hour ago.

11.They (pay, paid) the bill and (leave, left) the hotel last Friday.

4.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Today the word “electronics” is in general usage. Millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radios and TV sets and tape recorders in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic

world. And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimeters, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit has undoubtedly become one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, science and technology. It is the heart of every electronic device and the more tape-recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.

When we speak about the further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic “components”, the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

In the past it took scientist and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousands of calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer operates like a brain: all are being done simultaneously. To develop such a computer qualitatively new integrated circuits were required. They are now the basic components of the Russian Supercomputer with a speed up to 125 million operations a second.

In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above one billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the nearest future. Is there an end to this race?

According to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded as a true physical limit. But other specialists think that photons will make the operation a thousand times faster. This means that in the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light. Light has several advantages over electronics: light beams are faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another without interference. Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced, and intensive research on optical-electronic computers is being carried out in a number of countries around the world.

5. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме:

1.Today the word “electronics” (to be) in general usage.

2.We (to surround) with electronically controlled machines and instruments.

3.The operation of an integrated circuit (to depend) on microscopic “components”.

4.A continuous search (to go on) in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

5.In the past it (to take) scientist and researchers a whole lifetime (to make) a few thousands of calculations.

6.The ordinary computer (to do) the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer (to operate) like a human brain.

7.In the next few years engineers (to complete) the work on computers of above one billion operations a second.

8.The fifth-generation computers (to perform) 100 billion operations a second (to become) available in the nearest future.

9.In the future it (to be) possible (to expect) the appearance of photon computers.

10.Light (to have) several advantages over electronics.

6.Найдите в тексте предложения в Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect (по одному предложению на каждое время). Напишите эти предложения в прошедшем и будущем времени.

Пример: John writes tests every week. John wrote a test two days ago. John will write a test tomorrow.

I am going to the University now.

I was going to the University at 8 a.m. yesterday.

I will be going to the University at that time tomorrow.

Ann has just done her home task.

Ann had done her home task by 6 o’clock yesterday.

Ann will have done her home task by the evening.

7.Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1.What does it mean to live in an electronic world?

2.What is the center of this world?

3.What definition of an integrated circuit is given in this text?

4.In what devices are integrated circuits used?

5.What characteristics of electronic circuits will be required in future?

6.What is the difference between the ordinary computer and supercomputer?

7.How quickly can a computer perform calculations?

8.What will make the operation a thousand times faster?

9.What are the advantages of light over electronics?

10.What research is being carried out in a number of countries around the world?

8.Составьте аннотацию к тексту на русском языке. Выберите и используйте при работе следующие клише:

Статья (текст) посвящена проблеме (вопросу)… В начале текста (статьи)

-речь идёт о…

-даётся определение…

-обосновывается значимость…

-привлекается внимание к …

Далее описывается…(рассказывается, рассматривается, излагается) В заключение приводятся примеры… Подытоживая сказанное, следует отметить…

Как мне кажется, статья (текст) может представлять интерес для…

МОДУЛЬ 9

INPUT DEVICES

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Глаголы в формах Continuous описывают действие как процесс, как длительность в определенный момент в прошлом, настоящем или будущем:

I am going to school (now). Я иду в школу в настоящий момент.

I was reading a book yesterday at 5 o'clock. Я читал книгу вчера в 5 часов.

I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7 o'clock. Я буду смотреть телевизор завтра в семь часов.

Помимо этой функции, глаголы в Present Continuous выражают действие, отнесенное в ближайшее будущее: We are leaving for Moscow in July. Мы уезжаем в Москву в июле.

Формы глагола в Present Continuous

Present Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, длящегося в настоящий момент (now, at the moment). С глаголами, которые обозначают не действие, а состояние (to feel, to be, to live, to stay, to hear, to see, to know, to remember, to think, to want, to like, to love) Present Continuous обычно не употребляется.

Формы глагола в Past Continuous

Past Continuous обычно употребляется для выражения конкретного действия, длившегося в точно указанный момент или период в прошлом.

Формы глагола в Future Continuous

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет длиться в точно указанный момент или период в будущем.

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graphical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners etc.

When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more