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GWS – Golden World Club – международный «Золотой мировой клуб» – крупная дисконтная программа, созданная в 1991г. охватывает более 30 стран мира
HEI – Hotel Express International – международная ассоциация отелей, в которую входят более 400 отелей Европы и Америки
IAMAT – International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers –
международная ассоциация помощи путешественникам
IATA – Interbnational Air Transport Association – международная ассоциация воздушных перевозчиков
IELTC – тест на знание английского языка, разработанный в Университете Кембридж. Определяет уровень знания английского языка. Тест обязателен для всех иностранцев, желающих учиться или стажироваться в Великобритании.
ISIC – International Student Identity Card – международная студенческая карточка, которая даёт право на существенные скидки для молодёжи в странах ЕС
IT – inclusive tour – тур, в цену которого включены расходы на перевозку, трансфер, размещение в отеле и другие элементы
LDW – Loss damages waiver – мероприятие компании по аренде автомобилей, дающие возможность минимизировать убытки от возможности аварии, порчи и других коллизий с арендованным автомобилем
МАР - Modified American Plan – номер в отеле, включающий плотный завтрак, обед и, возможно, традиционный five o’clock
M.B.A. – Master of Business Administration – ученая степень магистра в области делового администрирования
MOD – Manager of Duty – заместитель управляющего или главного мeнеджера
MS – motor ship – моторная лодка
MV - motor vessel – транспортное средство
MTS – motor turbin ship – быстроходное судно с газотурбинным двигателем
PQ – request – запрос подтверждение
PFC – passenger facility charge – аэродромный сбор с пассажиров авиалиний, принятый в США
p.m. or P.M. – post meridiem – after noon, после полудня
S & T (мор.) – душ и туалет в каюте пассажирского судна
STPC – Stopover complimentary – услуги авиакомпании: в случае вынужденной задержки рейса или ожидания соединённого рейса connecting flight более чем на шесть часов обязательно размещение пассажиров в отеле и обеспечение трехразового питания
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SSV – Supplimentary Services Voucher – комбинированный ваучер, по которому турист платит сразу за пакет услуг (трансфер, размещение, аренду автомашины и др.)
SHA – Sniss Hotel Association – Швейцарская ассоциация отелей
RCI – Resort Condominiums International – система timeshare
приобретения долговременной аренды (на 20 – 25 лет) и обмена коттеджей на знаменитых курортах
TLC – Tender Loving Care – с заботой и вниманием. Часто употребляется в оперативной переписке, если нужно указать необходимость улучшенного обслуживания клиента
THF – Trusthouse – гостиничная цепь из 200 отелей. Известна как Fotre Hotels
TOEIC – Test of English for International Communication – тест на знание английского языка, ориентирован на язык и терминологию бизнеса. Определяет знание языка и широко используется при приёме иностранцев на работу.
UTC – Universal Time Coordination – поясное время. Регулирование времени на длинных маршрутах при пересечении временных поясов
VR – vacant and ready – комната или номер в отеле, незанятая, убранная, готовая под заселение
Y.H.A. - Youth Hotel Association – Ассоциация молодёжных хостелей – организация, обеспечивающая молодых туристов местами в гостиницах, общежитиях и на турбазах по умеренным ценам, основано в 1930г.
Assignment 1: Translate into Russian.
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ETHNIC TOURISM
Some rural areas offer what might be described as “ethnic” attractions, such as a colorful folk-life, native costumes, house-types, customs, regional foods and drink, fiestas, and wine festivals. In Europe many folk costumes and customs are maintained specially for the tourist, and folkloric events , such as dance or song festivals, are purposely organized to attract visitors, although in some cases the local people are genuinely interested in their own folklore. Much of this rural culture has been transferred to the city, and many East European countries in particular maintain dance groups, choirs, and folk orchestras in the major cities to entertain the foreign tourists. In Asia, Africa, and Latin America, where an active folklife still exists in the rural areas of many countries, this artificial stimulus is not so necessary. In North America about the only areas with genuine ethnic attractions are the Southwest, with its Indian and Mexican population, and French Canada. Other ethnic attractions, such as offered by German, Dutch, or Swiss communities in the Northeast and Midwest may be artificial and some are not even authentic.
Another type of “ethnic” tourism consists of the return of people to the country of their origin. Much of the flow of American tourists to Ireland is made up of immigrants and other persons of Irish origin paying a nostalgic visit to the old country. Immigrant societies organize charter flights for their members to a number of countries, including the countries of Eastern Europe. In recent years even the Soviet Union has organized tours of the Ukraine and the Baltic States designed to attract persons originally from these regions or with family connections there.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
Increasing Foreign Exchange Earnings
Because of the findings stated above, many countries have embraced tourism as a way to increase foreign exchange earnings to produce the investment necessary to finance economic growth. This certainly can and does occur. Some countries even require tourists to bring in a certain amount of foreign currency for each day of their stay and do not allow them to take it out of the country at the end of their vacation.
However, the foreign exchange earnings generated by tourism can be overstated unless the import factor is known. The value of goods and services that must be imported to service the needs of tourism is referred to as leakage. The money spent leaks from the host economy and must be subtracted from foreign exchange earnings to determine the true impact.
Leakage.
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Leakage occurs from a variety of sources. The extent to which a destination can minimize these effects will determine the size of the foreign exchange earnings. Leakage occurs first from the cost of goods and services that must be purchased to satisfy the needs of tourists. If a tourist wishes a steak and if that steak is imported, the cost of the steak is an import cost set against earnings. Local industries may also import part of their raw materials to produce goods for tourists. This also is a cost. A second cost may occur when importing goods and materials for infrastructure and buildings required for tourism development. The use of materials indigenous to the area will not only reduce import cost but will also add a distinctive look for the facilities. Payments to foreign factors of production represent another import cost. Commissions might have to be paid to overseas tour operators. If foreign capital is invested in the county’s tourism, plant interest payments, rent, or profit may have to be paid to those outside the country. The amount of local ownership and control is crucial in this regard. Foreign-owned chain hotels will often be staffed, stocked, and furnished by people, food, furnishing, fixtures, and equipment from a central foreign source. A fourth area of cost is in direct expenditure for promotion, publicity, and similar services abroad. The cost, for example, of setting up a national tourist office (NTO) is a large expense to be set against earnings. There are several ways that transfer pricing can reduce foreign exchange earnings. If tourists make purchases in the country of origin for services to be delivered at the destination, the transfer payments need to be made for the services provided. If a tourism company is multinational, payments may be recorded in the country of tourist origin rather than in the destination country. In a similar situation, purchases by a foreign-owned hotel at the destination country may be made from a foreignowned subsidiary at inflated rates to reduce the taxable income in the destination country. The use of credit cards and traveler’s checks can mean that local banks will not be able to participate in the exchange. Last, foreign exchange earnings can be reduced when host governments exempt duties or taxes on foreign-owned companies or offer financial inducements to them to attract investment.
A critical issue for destination areas is to determine the net foreign exchange earnings from different types of tourists. High-income tourists may be few in number and may spend large amounts of money, but they may require a substantial infrastructure and facilities resulting in a high import cost. Is this better for the destination country than the mass market that comes in greater numbers and spends less per person, but requires fewer imported goods and services? The answer comes from a rather complex economic analysis. It breaks down tourism earnings into component economic sectors and then determines to what extent each of the sectors depends on imports. Countries can be characterized as follows on the basis of the proportion of net foreign exchange earnings (subtracting the import content) from tourism:
Less than 10 percent: Totally import reliant (such as Mauritius)
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10-50 percent: heavily import reliant (such as the less-developed Caribbean and South Pacific Islands)
50-70 percent: Import luxuries and a few necessities (such as the better developed Caribbean Islands)
70-90 percent: Import principally luxuries; have advanced manufacturing sectors with good resources (such as Kenya, Tunisia, Greece, and Yugoslavia).
Assignment 2: Make presentation of the article.
REGULAR BUSINESS TRAVEL
Approximately 30 percent of all trips in Canada and the United States are taken for business reasons. (Note: A trip in the United States is defined as one of over 100 miles from home; in Canada it is defined as one of over eighty kilometers or fifty miles from home). The growth in business travel has outpaced that of pleasure travel in both countries. In addition to these levels of domestic business travel by United States and Canadian residents, there is also significant cross-border travel and travel from the two countries to other foreign nations.
Business travelers are more important to travel suppliers than their total numbers would indicate. They use airlines, rental cars, hotels, and travel agents to a greater extent than pleasure travelers. Business travelers, for example, account for over 40 percent of all airliner trips and hotel stays and account for almost two thirds of rental car revenues. In selecting an airline business travelers are primarily concerned with the convenience of the airline schedule. To a lesser extent, low or discount fares and the on-time departure record of the airline influence their choice. Reasonable rates, on the other hand, are the most important factor when choosing a car rental company. This is followed in importance by the convenience of the location and the condition of the cars. Location is the number one factor in selecting a hotel, followed by clean, comfortable rooms and room rates.
Compared to the pleasure traveler, the business traveller is more time sensitive; service quality is more important than price; and she or he is more experienced and demanding.
Approximately 12 percent of business travelers belong to frequent flyer programs, many to several. To a majority of travelers, this is a major factor in their choice of an airline. Belonging to a frequent flyer program means that credit is collected for mileage flown on that particular airline. After a specified number of miles have been flown, the traveller can quality for upgrades to first class and free trips. In recent years airlines have reduced the attractiveness of their awards, making it necessary to fly greater distances in order to obtain a particular reward. It seems likely that these programs will phased out for several