10)... is rather ineffective because of its (relatively) small sensitivity;
11)... is based on (essentially) the same principles.
Exercise 12. Give a briefhistoric outline o f a method or tech nique.
Exercise 12. Go through the details o f the technique and pro cedure o fyour experiments in a talk with a colleague at an in ternational symposium trying to realize why his results and yours are so sharp at variance.
EXPERIMENT
Exercise 14. Write down and read these sentences evaluating an experiment (or experiments).
1.Those were very fine experiments, carefully planned and most beautifully performed.
2.Those elegant experiments, which Rutherford himself per formed, were highly technical, very instructive and very meaningful, too.
3.The first experiment of this kind was performed as far back as the 1930's. It was the first attempt, which proved very encouraging.
4.More recent experiments by these workers proved to be highly specific, although the technique was basically the same as the one used in earlier experiments.
5.The above experiments were only preliminary ones. It's quite obvious that further experiments of the kind are highly desirable.
6.The experiments this group of workers has carried out were most ingenious and have proved very promising, al though the experimental material they used was rather
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limited. It is quite clear that experiments to this effect should be further extended to include other species.
7.Previous experiments in this area were obviously unsuc cessful. Moreover, they were limited in scale and material.
8.The experiments as suggested by the authors can hardly be followed in further studies of the problem.
9.Those pioneer experiments, although thoroughly prepared, proved unsuccessful. The authors failed to overcome the chiefdifficulty involved in the procedure.
Exercise 15. Speak o f your recent experiments stating what they have demonstrated, also, the conclusions you have made.
Exercise 16. Write a detailed account o f the experiments you performed last year (last month, afew weeks ago).
STUDY (INVESTIGATION, RESEARCH)
Exercise 17. Write down and read these sentences stating why studies o f a particular problem are important. (See adjec tives to "Study").
1.Studies of die physical properties of the Earth's mantle are extremely important for they contribute to our under standing of the processes occurring in the Earth's solid mantle and crust.
2.Studies of sediments from earlier geological periods are of particular interest to geologists in as much as they shed light on contemporary geological processes on the Earth’s surface.
3.Such studies are of particular importance in as much as they may provide valuable structural information on mo lecular interaction at interfaces.
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4.The above studies are of great significance. They may provide a possible clue to a more general dynamic mecha nism.
5.A study of the kind is highly important and highly desir able, too. It may throw light on the control mechanism of the synthesis of this enzyme.
6.Research into the structure and function of ribosomes, the smallest cellular organelles, identified by electron micros copy, is highly important for ribosomes play an essential part in protein synthesis.
7.Research into the physiological and biological activities of microorganisms is of tremendous biological significance for microorganisms play an extremely important part in plant and animal life.
Exercise 18. Ask questions o f the above kind about the re searchespertaining to your specialfields.
Exercise 19. Characterize briefly the research effort being made by your laboratory as well as researches by individual workers.
Exercise 20. Give a detailed account o f the study you have performed, mentioning, among other things, the nature o f the problem, the purpose o f the research, the overall result and con clusions. This is meant as a presentation at the University Con ference.
WORK
Exercise 21. State the subject of:
1)the work you are doing at present;
2)the work you have recently done;
3)the work you did last year;
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4)similar work to the same effect;
5)your laboratory's work in recent years.
Exercise 22. State the purpose o f the work you are doing now (have recently done or plan to undertake in thefuture)..
Exercise 23.
Give a brief account o f some individual research (present or past) done by a leading scientist in yourfield.
Exercise 24. Write a detailed account o f the work you have accomplished by now or o f the work you completed in the past (last year, a year ago, etc.).
DATA
Exercise 25. Write down and read the following sentences characterizing the data obtained (reported, presented).
1.The data obtained from those experiments are of great practical interest as well as of certain theoretical value.
2.The results presented by this team of workers are of purely theoretical interest.
3.The data reported by Dr. Pensias are quite remarkable. Moreover, they are clear-cut and explicit.
4.The authors have recently reported new data, which, in our opinion, are quite dramatic.
5.They have obtained certain results and presented a few findings, which seem fairly convincing.
6.The results obtained from recent studies of membrane permeability are particularly encouraging.
7.Although the data reviewed are only preliminary results obtained from a limited number of experiments, they are fairly convincing and, therefore, reliable.
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8.The data reported in literature are somewhat confusing, I dare say, they are rather controversial.
9.In my opinion, the data that have just been presented do
not seem quite reliable.
10.The results the authors have presented seem rather puz zling.
11.We have recently obtained some data, which are totally different from those reported by other workers.
12.There axe no direct experimental data bearing on these specific mechanisms.
13.To my knowledge, no comparable results are available in literature.
Exercise 26. Make statements, which would suit one or other o fthefollowing conclusions.
Exampl e:
... and, therefore, can hardly be regarded as quite conclusive. In my opinion, the data that have just been presented were obtained from a limited number of experiments and therefore, can hardly be regarded as quite conclusive.
1)... can hardly be regarded as quite reliable;
2)... can hardly be regarded as fairly convincing;
3)... can hardly be viewed in terms ofthis theory;
4)... can hardly be used as a basis for further experimentation in the field;
5)... can hardly be referred to in further studies of this kind;
6)... are, therefore, inadequate and cannot, obviously, be re garded as quite encouraging;
7)... are, obviously, misleading and must, therefore, be veri fied in every detail;
8)... are, therefore, insufficient to allow any such conclu sions;
9)... we cannot frilly rely on them.
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