Материал: Глебова Е.И. - Английский язык для медицинских специалистов, 2012

2.Tuberculosis

VOCABULARY and PRONUNCIATION

Task 1. Read out.

sputum culture sputum sample

to produce the sputum

 READING and SPEAKING

Task 2. Warm-up discussion.

What have you heard about tuberculosis infection? Do we still have a problem with tuberculosis incidence in Russia? How can we prevent the disease and its transmission?

Task 3. Read the text and answer the questions.

One of the social diseases nowadays in Russia is tuberculosis. Incidence of tuberculosis is higher in areas with large population. Men are affected more often than women. The greatest number of cases occurs in little children. Socially and economically disadvantaged, alcoholics, malnourished individuals are affected more often.

Scrofula is an old-fashioned name for tuberculosis (TB). It is a bacterial infectious disease. The disease affects the lymph nodes, especially those in the neck. Symptoms include swelling of the glands and the development of abscesses. Tuberculosis may also affect other organs

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but the most common form is pulmonary tuberculosis, which attacks the lungs.

The causative bacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a droplet infection which usually passes from person to person. It is spread via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Once inhaled, the organisms implant themselves in the lungs and begin to divide. Overcrowded living conditions provide long-term environment for the infection to spread.

There is another way of transmission. A strain of tuberculosis affecting cattle can transfer to their milk and infect people drinking it. In Britain pasteurization of milk kills the bacterium but worldwide unpasteurized milk is a common source of infection.

Pulmonary tuberculosis occurs in two phases. In the primary phase the infection occurs in different parts of the body. The victim may develop a dry cough that lasts for 3 to 4 months. The secondary phase occurs with increasing age and/or worsening of patient’s health. At this stage the causative bacterium is activated and attacks the lungs. Violent, frequent coughing brings up phlegm which may be tinged with blood. Other clinical manifestations include anorexia, weight loss, low-grade fever, chills and night sweats.

To diagnose the disease a chest X-ray is made, sputum cultures are obtained. A sputum culture identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis confirms the diagnosis. After the medications are started, sputum samples are obtained again to determine the effectiveness of the therapy.

Mantoux test is the most reliable determinant of tuberculosis infection. A positive reaction doesn’t mean that active disease is present but indicates exposure to tuberculosis or the presence of inactive disease. Once the test result is positive, it will be positive in any future tests. When Mantoux test is positive, a chest X-ray is necessary to rule out active tuberculosis or to detect old healed lesions.

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The reduction in overcrowding at home, improvement in hygiene and diet, the development of antibiotics and an effective safe vaccine have reduced mortality dramatically. However, each year new cases are reported especially in poor developing countries, as well as in Russia.

The goal of treatment is to prevent transmission, control symptoms, and prevent progression of the disease.

1.What are the risk factors for tuberculosis?

2.What are the main ways of transmission of tuberculosis?

3.What organs are mostly affected in tuberculosis?

4.What is the causative agent called?

5.How can we prevent transferring of the infection through milk?

6.What are the phases of the disease?

7.How can you make a diagnosis of tuberculosis?

8.What does positive Mantoux test mean?

Task 4. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? If the statement is false, correct the statement.

1.Tuberculosis is a widespread viral infection.

2.It can affect different organs of the body.

3.Tuberculosis of the lungs is the most common form of the disease.

4.To confirm the diagnosis a sputum culture is obtained.

5.Mantoux test is a diagnostic test for tuberculosis.

GRAMMAR

Task 5. Complete the sentences using Passive Voice with the following verbs: aim at, confirm through, cause by, prevent with, transmit via.

1.Tubeculosis ___________ Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

2.The infection ____________ airborn droplets.

3.The diagnosis of TB _____________ chest X-ray.

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4.Tubeculosis ________________ BCG vaccination.

5.The management of TB ______________ prevention of the transmittion, symptoms control, prevention of the disease progression.

WORD-BUILDING

Task 6. Form the words using negative prefixes and complete the table.

 WORK IN PAIRS

Task 7. Ask your partner about any medical terms relating to the topic and answer his/her questions.

Task 8. Complete the sentences.

1.Tuberculosis is …

2.It is caused by …

3.The bacterium spreads through …

4.The incubation period is …

5.The symptoms of tuberculosis include …

6.The most common form of tuberculosis is …

7.Mantoux test is used for …

8.The diagnosis is confirmed through …

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9.The goal of treatment is …

10.The disease can be prevented by …

Task 9. Discuss with a partner any information you know about the topic.

3.Addictions

VOCABULARY and PRONUNCIATION

Task 1. Read out.

 READING AND SPEAKING

Task 2. Warm-up discussion.

What addictions do you know? Can you list any addictive substances? Why some people use them? Is it a world-wide problem nowadays? What age group are susceptible to any type of addiction?

Task 3. Read the text and answer the questions.

At present time there is such a growing medical and social problem as addiction. Among types of addictions we can distinquish addictive

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