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“It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you how powerful they are.” Clive James (Australian critic)

Unit 9

  1. Условные предложения

  2. Значения слова provide

3. Значения союзов unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, but for

4. Префиксы over-, super-, under-, mono-, semi-, mal-, non-, sub-, out-, mis-.

5. Текст «The charge-coupled device»

I. Translate conditional sentences and define their types.

  1. If a scientific research is closely linked with practice the results are always good. 2. If you looked at the equipment of 1946 you would notice the difference with that available at present. 3. If the satellite speed were less than necessary it would go down from the orbit and enter the atmosphere. 4. If you watch a laser operate, you might be surprised at the simplicity of a device having such a power. 5. If we wanted to make a journey in a plane to the nearest star we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 6. If we had tested this material we should have used it in our work. 7. If ordinary gases are greatly compressed they become liquids. 8. If supercomputers had not been used for thermodynamic calculations designers would have spent all their lives on computations. 9. If you think that a computer never makes mistakes you are wrong. 10. If the number of negative charges is unlike the number of positive charges, the matter will produce electrical effects.

II. Choose the right variant in brackets paying attention to the type of conditional sentences.

  1. If they (discover/discovered) iron ore deposits in that district, an iron and steel works will be built there. 2. I would (have brought/bring) the book, but you did not tell me you needed it. 3. If I were you, I would (write/have written) a letter of complaint to the company. 4. If you had studied harder, you would not (fail/have failed) your exams. 5. If I (had seen/saw) you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6. If there were no difference of potential between two points of a conductor, electrons would not (continue/have continued) to flow. 7. If helium were obtained only from the air, it would (be/have been) a rare gas. 8. If we (tested/had tested) this material we should have used it in our work. 9. If every light fixtures in buildings (contain/contained) a small wireless node, people would not only be able to control the lighting more effectively but put them to many other uses too. 10. If you (look/looked) at the number of internet capable mobile phones, PDAs and so on, you will see that they are rapidly outnumbering the things we think of as computers.

III. Put the verbs in the right form in the conditional sentences.

  1. If we bring the charged ebonite rod near the ball, the latter (attract) towards it. 2. If a great enough velocity is reached, each electron (have) sufficient energy to release one or more electrons from the plate.

3. If a difference of potential between two points of a conductor (maintain) by some means or other, electrons will continue to flow, giving life to a continuous current.

4. If there were no force of gravitation, both the Moon and the Earth (fly off) into space along a straight line.

5. If we (have) to examine most solid substances, we should see that they are crystalline.

6. Would you mind if I (come) to work an hour later on Monday?

7. If the post were more reliable, we (not have to) depend on couriers.

8. If cast iron had not been so brittle, it (find) much more applications in industry. 9. If a given amount of energy is put into a machine, precisely that very amount (be) developed.

10. If white cast iron were slowly cooled in the moulds it (have) a structure of ferrite and free carbon in the form of graphite.

11. What would you use if you (want) to measure air pressure?

12. If you (look) at the engine for a moment, you would have seen what was missing.

13. If there were no atmosphere, there (be) no clouds, no rain.

14. If you (melt) the snow you would get water.

IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

  1. The launching of the rocket was delayed half an hour by bad weather. If the weather (be) good they (launch) it at 7.30 instead of at 8.00. 2. It is a pity he never patented his invention. If he (patent) it he (make) a lot of money. 3. I failed my exam. If I (try) again, I think that I (succeed). 4. Sally forgot her briefcase. If she (be) in such a hurry she (not forget) her briefcase. 5. He knows that this cable is alive. If he (touch) that electric cable he (be) electrocuted. 6. We did not go to the lecture yesterday. If we (be) at the lecture we (answer) your questions. 7. I (do) this work long ago if I (have) got the necessary tools. 8. Extra measures have to be taken to cool a hypersonic craft. If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction (not be) so high a hypersonic craft (not require) complicated cooling measures. 9. If you (drive) more carefully you (not have) an accident. 10. If I (knew) that you needed help I (help) you.

V. Rewrite the sentences according to the model.

Model: I did not see the signal, so I did not stop.

If I had seen the signal, I would have stopped.

  1. The exit doors were blocked, so people couldn′t escape from the burning hall.

  2. He had all the necessary books and made his report in time.

  3. I did not read the instruction that is why I did not manage to install the equipment.

  4. Drivers are not attentive while driving, so there are a lot of accidents on the road.

  5. They applied a new method and got good results.

  6. Gases are not greatly compressed, so they can′t become liquids.

  7. He was at the lecture yesterday and answered all the teacher′s questions.

  8. Current does not flow across from one wire to the other because two wires are separated by the air gap.

  9. A potential difference does not exist between two objects because they were charged equally.

  10. The heat causes mechanical troubles when the temperature is raised above a certain limit.

VI. Finish the sentences.

  1. If I could travel anywhere in the world…

  2. If I owned a company…

  3. If I were the president of …

  4. If I had $1 million…

  5. If I practiced more …

  6. If I had more time…

  7. If I had a camera…

  8. If the weather is fine…

  9. If I get my university degree…

  10. If I find a well-paid job…

VII. Change the following sentences of real condition into sentences of unreal condition.

Model: If you put salt on ice it will melt.

If you put salt on ice it would melt.

  1. If it is possible we shall begin this work at once.

  2. If the books are available in our library we shall do this work much earlier.

  3. If the motor of the rocked works all the time, it will consume millions of tons of propellent.

  4. If you open an electric light bulb, you will see two heavy metal wires sticking up from the base, with a very fine wire between their ends.

  5. If the design of cars is improved the fuel consumption will be greatly reduced.

  6. If you visit the power station you will see the new turbine.

  7. If friction is eliminated no force at all is necessary to keep the body in motion.

  8. If rubber is combined with metals, wood and asbestos, it would greatly increase the potential uses of this material.

  9. If you use that door, it sets off an alarm.

  10. If traffic is controlled by computers cars will travel with safety and speed.

VIII. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the word provide.

  1. The experiments provided very good results. 2. I shall lend you my car provided you fill it up with petrol. 3. Data provided by these tests were processed by computers. 4. The exploration of the Moon provided a great deal of scientific knowledge. 5. Our laboratory has been provided with the latest equipment. 6. We shall be able to ship the goods at the end of May provided the order is received immediately. 7. Having measured the distance between two points, it is possible to calculate the time during which a car can cover it, provided we know the car`s average speed. 8. Closed cabins on all passenger aircraft must be provided with at least one easily accessible external door. 9. Superliners could develop a higher speed provided some special cooling measures were used. 10. The magnetic compass can be used with precision provided its peculiarities are understood. 11. Current starts flowing provided a voltage source is applied to the circuit. 12. The new equipment can be utilized provided a protection fuse is applied to it.

IX Translate the sentences with conjunctions unless, in case, but for, on condition that and suppose.

  1. She will certainly fail her exams unless she starts to study. 2. I would not have been able to do it unless she had helped me. 3. But for the atmosphere life should not exist on the Earth. 4. I shall see you at the same time next week, unless I hear from you. 5. I could do this work in case I got the necessary tools. 6. The speed of the molecules will increase on condition that the temperature rises. 7. We should have no radio, telephone, television or computers unless there were electricity. 8. Suppose you are not ready for the exam, what will you do? 9. Isaac Newton stated that a body would continue moving in case force were not applied to stop it. 10. Suppose this method is applied, two conditions must be observed. 11. The earth temperature would not have increased in case heat had not been radiated into atmosphere. 12. Suppose a piece of hot metal is placed into cold water, the metal will be cooled and the water will be heated. 13. Take your mobile phone with you in case I need to call you later. 14. It is possible to use resistance coupling on condition that a tube of low plate resistance is employed in the earlier stage.
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