Материал: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка Новосибирск 2008 Оглавление

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VI. Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject.
Example: James is expected (make) a report next Wednesday.

James is expected to make a report next Wednesday.
1. He is believed (work) at an urgent problem now.

2. They are known (make) a new discovery a month ago.

3. She is supposed (work) in the laboratory from 2 p.m. to 7 p.m. tomorrow.

4. The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported (produce) last month.

5. Over the next few month passengers are supposed (allow) to use their phones on a handful of aircraft.

6. The technological standard for transistor gate length is considered (change) within a couple of years.

7. Today the researchers are said (work) on making networked light fittings capable of monitoring the objects throughout a building.

8. All the benefits of the computing world – innovation, short development cycles and low cost proved (extend) to wireless communication recently.

9. A method for recording information on crystal by means of laser is known (develop) by a Russian researcher.

10. Today′s aircraft is expected (replace) by a new model of hypersonic aircraft by the year 2010.
VII. Change the sentences using be likely, be unlikely, be sure.
Example: The plane may not reach the place of destination on time.

The plane is unlikely to reach the place of destination.


    1. US News&World Report suggested that solar cells may provide more power than all the world′s coal, oil and uranium.

    2. Superconductors may find applications we don′t even think of at present.

    3. They may not follow my recommendation.

    4. The latest achievements in the field of nanotechnology will certainly make a revolution in our life.

    5. Potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity may be impossible and impractical.

    6. A century is long time for engineers and our early ideas were certainly a hint of the solutions that we shall ultimately implement.

    7. Making computer displays with higher pixel densities is costly, because you may get dead pixels during manufacturing.

    8. A machinery may be damaged by mechanical shocks.

    9. A digital instrument will certainly measure frequency and temperature when it is plugged in sensors.

    10. The vessel may not arrive at the port of destination before October 1.


VIII. Translate the sentences and define the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.


  1. Scientists use sensors to monitor the environment. 2. If mobile social networks do take off, they are likely to do so first in Europe, rather than tech-happy California or mobile-crazy Japan. 3. Martin Cooper of Motorola is widely considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle setting. 4. When the switch is closed, it offers a low resistance path and allows current to flow round the circuit. 5. The new technology enables control to be exercised from a distance and lets different devices interconnect to do something new. 6. The direct current is considered to flow from the positive terminal of the battery to the negative terminal and is called the conventional current flow. 7. An antenna and extra power allow the signal to be transmitted over long distances. 8. Mobile phones have already changed social practices among their users, and they are likely to do so even more in future. 9. The development of new and even more efficient multi-antenna algorithm is supposed to continue for a long time into the future. 10. The evolution is expected to continue to enhance the performance and capabilities of the 3G cellular standards.


IX. Open the brackets and use the Complex object.
Example: I would like (the professor, look through) my report.

I would like the professor to look through my report.
1. I suppose (they, work) in the office at the moment.

2. He expected (the meeting, hold) in the Red Room.


3. Recommendations from physicists will allow (the necessary measures, take) to protect the air from pollution.

4. We know (radio navigation stations, locate) at different places around the world to guide the pilots.

5. These articles will let (she, know) about the most famous technologists the world.

6. We know (the first digital optical disks, produce) in 1982 as disks for music.

7. We consider (he, be) a real inventor of the blue light-emitting diode.

8. Everybody heard (he, say) that it was possible to develop a mathematical model for constantly changing channels and then identify the channel by sending in “test” signals.

9. Would you like (I, help) you with a research facility?

10. What made (you, decide) to promote the cooperation between academia and industry?

X. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.



Analogue and digital displays
You have only to think of the array of instruments in the cockpit of a modern airliner, or the control room of a power station to realize that the most convenient way to convey information to a human operator of an electronic system is to use some form of visual display. We know two types of displays to be used, analogue or digital, but sometimes a combination of both of them. An analogue multimeter displays the value of a measurement on a moving-coil meter that uses a pointer moving over a calibrated scale. On the other hand, a digital multimeter generally uses a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a seven-segment light-emitting diode (LED) display to give a numerical value of a measurement.

Digital displays based on LCDs and LEDs are known to have largely replaced analogue displays in many different types of instrument. The main advantage of LED and LCD displays is that, they are more rugged and can stand up to vibration better than the rather fragile moving-coil meter. They are also cheaper and easier to manufacture, and purpose-designed integrated circuits are readily available to operate them. But perhaps the main reason for their rise to fame is that many of today′s electronic systems process digital signals that are compatible with the operating principles of LCDs and LEDs.

Numerical display is not always the preferred choice in a digital system. Sometimes it is better to use an analogue display when the change in a reading is looked for. Analogue displays are often used on hi-fi amplifiers in preference to digital displays to indicate the audio power delivered to loudspeakers or the signal strength of a radio station. These analogue displays use a “bar of light” made of discrete LEDs or LCD segments that lengthen or shortens in response to the signal strength. Analogue displays of that kind make it easier to see how the signal strength changes with time rather than having to interpret the precise value. Perhaps that is why some people prefer digital watches with LCD “hands” since the time of day seems to have more meaning when set against the twelve-hour scale of time round the face of the watch.

The combination of electronics and optics is known to be optoelectronics. For example, an LED is an optoelectronics device. Numbers, letters and other symbols are formed by the selective illumination of one or more segments arranged in the form of the figure “8”. Each of the LEDs labeled ‘a’ to ‘g’ can be switched on or off by digital circuits. A display of this type, forming both numbers and some letters, is known as an alphanumeric display.

The LCD is a popular method of displaying information, especially in digital watches and pocket games. LCDs can display not just numerical data, but also words and pictures. Large-area LCDs rather than a cathode-ray tube are commonly used on some oscilloscopes, laptop computers and scientific calculators. The main reason for choosing LCDs for these applications is that their power consumption is minute compared with LED displays. Whereas the LED display requires electrical power to generate light, the LCD simply controls available light. This means that it is easily seen in bright sunlight but it cannot be seen in the dark unless the display is “backlighted”.

The LCD relies on the transmission or absorption of light by certain organic carbon crystals that behave as if they were both solid and liquid, that is, their molecules readily take up a pattern as in a crystal and yet flow as a liquid. In the construction of the common LCD unit, this compound is sandwiched between two closely-spaced, transparent metal electrodes that are in the form of a pattern, e.g. as a seven-segment digit. When an a.c. signal is applied across a selected segment, the electric field causes the molecular arrangement of the crystal to change, and the segment shows up as a dark area against a silvery background. A polarizing filter on the top and bottom of the display enhances the contrast of black against silver by reducing reflected light. This type of LCD is called a field-effect LCD, since it relies on the electric field produced by the a.c. signal.
Vocabulary:
to convey – передавать

compatible – совместимый


moving-coil meter – магнитно-электрический измерительный прибор с подвижной катушкой

multimeter- универсальный электроизмерительный прибор

calibrated scale – градуированная шкала

light-emitting diode display – светодиодный дисплей

to be rugged - прочный, износоустойчивый

fragile – хрупкий

numerical display – цифровой дисплей (индикатор)

a.c. (alternating current) – переменный ток

oscilloscope - осциллограф

enhance - усиливать, улучшать

alphanumeric display - алфавитно-цифровой дисплей

high-fidelity amplifier – усилитель высококачественного воспроизведения

polarizing filter - поляризационный светофильтр

XI. Find the Infinitives in the text and define their functions.

XII. Find the sentences with the Complex Object and the Complex Subject in the text.

XIII. Read the text again and answer the questions.

  1. What types of displays are used by a digital multimeter?

  2. Why are LCDs and LEDs so popular today?

  3. What is optoelectronics?

  4. Which devices use LCD?

  5. What is an alphanumeric display?

  6. What type of LCD is called a field-effect LCD?

  7. When is it better to use analogue displays?

  8. What is the work of LCD based on?

  9. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of analogue and digital watches with respect to ease of use and other factors.

  10. State two advantages of a liquid crystal display compared with a light-emitting diode display.


XIV. Decide whether these statements are true or false.


  1. Digital displays completely replaced analogue displays.

  2. Both LED and LCD displays can stand up to vibration.

  3. Digital displays are more preferable to use in comparison with analogue displays.

  4. The LCD is an optoelectronics device.

  5. LCDs can′t display numerical data.

  6. The LED can display both numbers and letters.

  7. The LED display doesn′t need electrical power to generate light.

  8. Field-effect LCD is called in this way because it is based on the electric field.



XV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A

digital

analogue

hi-fi

numerical

audio

calibrated

B

amplifier

data

scale

multimeter

display

power



XVI. Connect the words with their definitions.


1. alphanumerics 6. liquid crystal display

2. multimeter 7. light-emitting diode display

3. loudspeaker 8. integrated circuit

4. oscilloscope 9. optoelectronics

5. display 10. absorption
a) a branch of electronics dealing with the interaction between light and electricity;

b) an analogue or digital instrument for measuring current, potential difference and resistance and used for testing and fault-finding in designing and testing of electronic circuits;

c) a display used in computer monitors, notebook PCs and TVs that is typically smaller, lighter and less power hungry than their cathode-ray tube equivalents;

d) the use of seven-segment displays, liquid crystal displays and other optoelectronics devices to display numbers, letters and some punctuation marks and mathematical symbols;

e) a display which is based on a small semiconductor diode that emits light when current passes between its anode and cathode terminals;

f) an instrument that produces a visual representation of an oscillating electric current on the screen of a cathode-ray tube;

g) a device for converting electrical signals into sounds;

h) a very complex electronic circuit that has resistors, transistors, capacitors and other components formed on a single silicon chip;

i) a device capable of representation information visually;

j) the process of a liquid, gas or other substance being taken in.
XVII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.


Multimeter, analogue, integrated circuit, display, oscilloscope, liquid crystal display, light-emitting diode, loudspeaker, compound, illumination


1. Hi-fi amplifiers increase the power of audio frequency signals from tapes, records and compact disks before delivery to a (an) ……………
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