Материал: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка Новосибирск 2008 Оглавление

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X. Complete the sentences with a word formed from the word in brackets. Use the following prefixes only once: over-, super-, under-, mono-, semi-, mal-, non-, sub-, out-, mis-.

1. Recent spectacular breakthroughs in …………… (conductor) may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power.

2. The introduction of …………….. (conductor) technology revolutionized the computer industry.

3. You mast not …………… (estimate) how difficult it is going to be.

4. From the ……………. (set), Bill Gates was confident that his computer language, BASIC, would be a success.

5. To build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to ……………. (come) a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties.

6. Most people prefer a colour screen to a …………… (chrome) screen.

7. If a printer ………….. (function), you should check the interface cable.

8. The researchers used continuous superconducting crystals and shaped the gate in such a way that a central area of the organic material is less exposed to the electric field at the gate. This area remains ………………. (conducting).

9. His comments were ……………….. (interpreted) as a criticism of the project.

10. We ………………. (contracted) the work to a small engineering firm.

XI. Read the text. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

The charge-coupled device

The charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit comprising an array of minute semiconductor memory cells on a silicon chip that converts light received through a lens into a series of electrical charges that are directly related to the intensity of any given picture element (pixel). The CCD camera is a type of camera for converting light into electrical signals since it is based on semiconductors rather than on thermionic emission. The CCD comprises a light-sensitive array of metal-oxide semiconductors on a silicon chip. It is much more sensitive than the vidicon tube and it is also able to store images in such a way that each pixel (picture element) in the image is converted into an electrical charge the intensity of which is related to the colour in the colour spectrum. The charge is removed from the array and processed to form an image by electrodes attached to the surface of the chip. The longer the light falls on the array, the larger the charge stored. Thus, the CCD is more sensitive than photographic film and enables light to be gathered from faint sources. For example, both amateur and professional astronomers use CCD cameras in place of the eye and photographic film to record images in their telescopes. For surveillance purposes, CCD images can be gathered in near darkness, and CCDs are used in digital cameras, camcorders, scanners and bar code readers. The word megapixel refers to the remarkable resolution (the amount of detail) of images taken by CCDs in digital cameras, one megapixel being, say, an image comprising 1024 1024 pixel. On the surface of the semiconductor chip making up the CCD is a long row of tiny metal electrodes that overlay a thin oxide layer formed on the surface of a p-type substrate. A three-phase clock network alternately activates the electrodes in turn by being switched from 0V to say +10V. If an electrode is pulsed to a positive voltage, it is capable of attracting a negative charge to the underside of the oxide layer beneath it. It is as if the positively charged metal electrode creates a kind of “bucket” that can hold electric charge. Charge-coupling is the technique by which signal charge can be transferred from the bucket under one electrode to the next bucket. This is achieved by taking the voltage on the send electrode also to 10V then reducing the voltage to 0V on the first electrode. Hence by pulsing the voltages on the electrodes sequentially between high and low levels, charge signals can be made to pass down an array of very many electrodes. To achieve this, the electrodes are connected in sequence to a set of three-phase drive pulses. Charge signals can then be stored under every third electrode in the array and will be transferred together along the array under the control of the drive pulses. The use of three phases ensures that the charges move in the right direction. By letting the presence or absence of a charge represent digital values of 0 and 1, and by providing amplifiers for injecting and detecting these charges, a very simple and compact type of computer memory device is possible. If a CCD used as an electronic sensor is a camera, the metal electrodes will be overlaid by surfaces that are optically sensitive. A different type of light-sensitive semiconductor array is the Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensor that is a rival to the CCD sensor. CMOS is a switching circuit based on the combination of n-channel and p-channel field-effect transistors.

resolution 6. Complementary

  • substrate Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

  • camcorder 7. electrode

  • charge-coupled device 8. thermionic emission

  • photon 9. bar code reader

    10. pixel

    a) an integrated circuit that converts light into a series of electrical charges that are related to the intensity of any given picture element;

    b) the ability of a microscope or other optical instrument to produce separate images of closely placed objects;

    c) any of a number of very small picture elements that make up a picture, as on a visual display unit;

    d) the emission of electrons from very hot solids or liquids, used for producing electrons in valves, electron microscopes and X-ray tubes;

    e) a video camera and recorder combined in a portable unit;

    f) a switching circuit based on a field-effect transistor;

    g) the semiconductor base on which other material is deposited, especially in the construction of integrated circuits;

    h) a unit of electromagnetic energy;

    i) a device which can read the information contained on a pattern of thick and thin lines that is printed on things you buy;

    j) an element in a semiconducting device that emits, collects or controls the movement of electrons or holes.

    XVII. Translate the following words, paying attention to prefixes then use them in sentences.

    Underuse, outsource, overlay, misrepresent, undertake, overproduce, subdirect, supercharged, nonstandard, underachieve, mislay, misuse, outlay, outtake/

    XVIII. Find synonyms to the following words in the text.

    To include, to find, to put into, to join, to produce, susceptible, strength, to form, base, to place.


    XIX. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.


    CCD, camcorder, pixel, surveillance, array, electrode, bar code reader, resolution, substrate, CMOS

      1. Each …………… is made up of three close dots of coloured phosphors of red, green and blue.

      2. …………….. are widely used in security cameras, digital cameras and in telescopes for detecting faint sources such as galaxies.

      3. A wide range of digital devices, such as digital watches and microprocessors, are based on ……………….. devices in integrated circuit form.

      4. ……………. is used to make electrical contact with a circuit.

      5. To record pictures and sound amateurs usually buy a (an) ………….. that can be carried around.

      6. Professional video cameras typically have multiple image sensors to enhance …………….. and colour gamut.

      7. There is a vast …………… of networks that connect devices, including computer networks, public telephone networks, radio and television networks.

      8. Closed-circuit TV cameras are used for ………… purposes and help to increase public safety.

      9. A thin oxide layer is deposited on the surface of a (an) ……….….. in the construction of integrated circuits.

      10. A common alternative is the use of a (an)………………which may be capable of reading the information on price tags and transferring of data to the computer.

    XX. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meanings of highlighted words.

    1. You should keep a record of you expenses. 2. Did you remember to record my favourite program for me? 3. She holds the world record for the 100 metres. 4. The airline has a good safety
    • record. 5. He recorded the class rehearsing before the performance. 6. Tell me when the tape starts recording. 7. The band is back in the US recording their new album. 8. Record you goals if you want to achieve them. 9. The thermometer recorded a temperature of C. 10. The place was overlaid with memories of his childhood. 11. The roar of the engines was overlaid by a loud banging. 12. To protect wood from rotting we overlaid it with paint. 13. An overlay showing population can be placed on top of the map.

    XXI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

    1. If you camera (have) a good resolution its quality (be) high.

    2. If the charge-coupled devices (have) a lower power consumption they (be) more popular.

    3. If the charge-coupled devices (can) be made on any standard production line they (be) cheaper.

    4. If digital cameras (not have) an extended depth of field, objects at a larger range of depth (not be) in focus.

    5. The signal-to-noise ratio (decrease) if each pixel sensor (get) smaller, because in this case it catches fewer photons.

    6. If the charge-coupled devices (not invent) cameras (not be able) to take images.

    7. If the charge-coupled devices (not be) sensitive they (not can) gather light from faint sources.

    8. The charges (move) in the right direction if they (transfer) under the control of the drive pulses.

    XXII. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

    1. Speak about different applications of the charge-coupled devices.

    2. Paraphrase the following quotation. Express your opinion about it.

    “A discovery is said to be an accident meeting a prepared mind”. (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi).

    Unit 10

    1. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)

    2. Сослагательное наклонение после безличных предложений

    3. Сослагательное наклонение после глагола wish

    4. Конструкции would rather и had better

    5. Текст: «Fibre optics communications»

    I. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood after the verbs should, would, could, might, must.

    1. Would you mind giving me your dictionary for a minute? 2. I would like to thank you for your help. 3. You could have done it in a different way. 4. One laser beam could carry all the radio, TV and telephone messages simultaneously. 5. It would be useful to read this article. 6. Many scientific problems might be solved with the help of mathematics. 7. There would be no life without atmosphere. 8. It would be a great discovery to find means to prolong man′s life. 9. There would be no progress in science without observations. 10. The material in this book is out of date. The book must have been written a long time ago.

    II. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood in subject clause.

      1. It is desirable that he should be present here. 2. It is essential that a superconductor should be a solid material. 3. It is necessary that superconductor should be cooled to -273 C. 4. It is required that an airplane should be well-balanced dynamically. 5. It is possible that a compound should become a superconductor even if the chemical elements constituting it are not. 6. It is very important that we should discuss this problem. 7. It is suggested that we should realize this program. 8. It is required that all measurement be done beforehand. 9. It is necessary that the average acceleration of the moving body be determined accurately. 10. It is essential that the two rotors should be accurately spaced angularly, that is to say that they should be accurately at right angles to each other. 11. It is desirable that they should measure all the chemical substances they deal with. 12. It is extremely important that all the metal powders used during production should be uniformly mixed.
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