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divided on whether slack facilitates or inhibits innovation. Proponents of slack argue that it plays a crucial role in allowing organizations to innovate by permitting them to experiment with new strategies and innovative projects that might not be approved in a more resourceconstrained environment (Cyert & March, 1963: 278). Opponents of slack counter that slack diminishes incentives to innovate and promotes undisciplined investment in R&D activities that rarely yield economic benefits (cf. Jensen, 1986, 1993; Leibenstein, 1969). According to this view, slack encourages the pursuit of pet projects by agents who show little regard for the interests of the principals they serve. We argue that one way to reconcile this theoretical debate is to recognize that the relationship between slack and innovation is curvi- linear-too little slack is as bad for innovation as too much slack.

1.АСКt МКЧ вШu sКв КЛШut tСО КutСШrs’ ФЧШаХОНРО ШП the research subject? Support your point of view with arguments.

2.Is the given research question based on the knowledge gap? Prove it.

3.Is the research question connected with any practical issues (problems)? Account for your opinion.

4.Make your conclusion about the research question (in other words, research problem).

Practise your skills of developing research questions (RQ).

A. Is the RQ too broad, too narrow or good? Why?

Question A: What impact has deregulation had on the airline industry? Question B: What percentage of commercial airline crashes was traced to negligent maintenance during the 10 years immediately preceding and following deregulation?

Question C: What impact has deregulation had on commercial airline safety?

B. Is the question researchable? Why?

Question: Do/do not the economies that result from a trash-burning plant outweigh?

C. Correct an unfocused RQ. Explain your decision.

Question: What is the effect on the environment from global warming?

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Describe the diagram to present three types of research questions.

Tell your group about your research field, topic and RQ (re-

search problem). Discuss your RQ according to the given below quОstions. MКkО К МonМlusion КЛout tСО “quКlitв” oП RQs oП вour

groupmates; give them some recommendations on developing their RQs.

1.Is the RQ relevant both for theory and practice?

2.Is the RQ interesting?

3.Has it been solved/resolved before?

4.Why does it need to be addressed? Why now?

5.Does addressing it change current knowledge?

6.Does Тt tКrРОt tСО “РКp” (ХТЦТtКtТШЧ, МШЧtrКНТМtТШЧ ТЧ КМКНОЦТМ ХТtОrКturО)?

7.Who will benefit from having it solved?

Here is a brief description of research objectives. Read it and explain relations between the notions in the chart below.

Research objective is the research primary focus, specific statements that define measurable outcomes. The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study. These objectives should be closely related to the research problem. They should be measurable, achievable, realistic and timely, so that research problem could be explored effectively.

When you break down a general objective into smaller, logically connected parts, these are normally referred to as specific objectives. Specific objectives should systematically address various questions and specify what you will do in your study.

Look at the examples of research objectives (A, B, C) and suggest some objectives for the given theses titles (1 3). Then compare your ideas with the actual objectives of these investigations.

Examples:

A.

• “Our ШЛУОМtТЯО аКs tШ НОtОrЦТЧО ТП tСО relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria is species-spОМТПТМ”.

•“Our КТЦ аКs tШ ТЧЯОstТРКtО tСО rОХКtТШЧsСТp ЛОtаООЧ tОМtШЧТМ-plate

ЦШЯОЦОЧt КЧН tСО РrКЯТtКtТШЧКХ ОППОМt ШП tСО КХТРЧЦОЧt ШП tСО ЦКУШr pХКЧОts”.

•“TСО ЦКТЧ РШКХ ШП tСО stuНв Тs tШ ТЧЯОstТРКtО tСО ТЦpХОЦОЧtКtТШЧ ШП … КЧН ОбКЦТЧО Тts ОППОМts ШЧ …”.

•“TСО rОsОКrМС КТЦОН tШ ТЧЯОstТРКtО (1) tСО rОХКtТШЧsСТp ЛОtаООЧ … КЧН … КЧН (β) аСКt … ХОКНs tШ …. OЧ tСО ЛКsТs ШП tСО ПТЧНТЧРs, … Тs prШpШsОН”.

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•“… tШ ТНОЧtТПв ПКМtШrs tСКt МШЧtrТЛutО to current maternal care seeking

ЛОСКЯТШrs, аТtС К ПШМus ШЧ МСТХНЛТrtС”;

•“… tШ tОst tСО КММОptКЛТХТtв ШП ФОв МШЧМОpts КЧН rОМШЦЦОЧНОН ЛОСКЯТШrs rОХКtОН tШ ТЧМrОКsТЧР …, КЧН НОtОrЦТЧО tСО spОМТПТМ МШЧНТtТШЧs ШП КММОpta- ЛТХТtв”;

•“… tШ НШМuЦОЧt prОpКrКtТШЧs …; identify community members involved

ТЧ …”;

“… tШ НШМuЦОЧt sШМТКХ ЧОtаШrФs КЧН МШЦЦuЧТМКtТШЧ МСКЧЧОХs tСКt ПКМТХi-

tate rapid НТssОЦТЧКtТШЧ ШП ТЧПШrЦКtТШЧ”;

“… tШ НОtОrЦТЧО tСО ХОЯОХ ШП КutШЧШЦв ШП …”;

“…tШ ТНОЧtТПв ПКМtШrs tСКt ТЧПХuОЧМО …”;

“…tШ КppХв МШЦputer simulation for cycle time control to the semi-

МШЧНuМtШr ТЧНustrв”.

B.

TСТs stuНв КТЦs tШμ 1) ТЧЯОstТРКtО tСО prШЛХОЦs ПКМОН Лв …; β) ОбКЦТЧО …; γ) ШППОr rОМШЦЦОЧНКtТШЧs tШ СОХp … ШЯОrМШЦО НТППТМuХtТОs КЧН tШ ТЦprШЯО

…. IЧ ШrНОr tШ rОКМС tСОsО ШЛУОМtТves, a survey and an experiment were

carried out. Two questionnaires were used to collect the data: 1) the ques- tТШЧЧКТrО tШ ТЧЯОstТРКtО …, КЧН Л) tСО quОstТШЧЧКТrО tШ ТЧЯОstТРКtО ….

C.

to develop a new theory or principle;

to show practical applications of known principles;

to develop a solution for an engineering problem in a device, material, system or process;

to design a new structural system;

to develop a new or improved method;

to establish a set of standards.

Theses titles:

1.Fibre reinforced polymers composites in strengthening of structures.

2.Determinants of domestic and cross-border merger and acquisition activities in banking sector.

3.A comparative analysis of the proposed petroleum bill in Nigeria in relation to current global best practice of petroleum legislations.

Actual objectives:

1. The project aim is to identify the use of FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) composites in strengthening of structures. The general process and methodology considered in achieving this objective is by externally bond-

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ing Fibre reinforced plastics to the metal structure/plate and thus testing the specimen under 3 point bend as well as 4 point bend tests.

2. The purpose of the study is to identify the determinants of bank's domestic and cross-border acquisitions in China and UK over the two specific periods which are before global financial crisis (2005 2007) and during crisis (2008 August 2009).

3. The study aims to assess the new bill, and particularly to look at how it

compares to best practice around the world. The overall aim of the study is tШ ХШШФ Кt tСО ЛТХХ’s ФОв КspОМts КЧН МШЦpКrО tСОЦ аТtС РХШЛКХ stКЧНКrНs

and the state of affairs in other oil producing countries.

Case study: scan the following fragments from research papers and identify their logical parts (title, subject, problem, objectives).

Sample 1

THE EFFECT OF APPLIED LOAD AND SLIDING SPEED

ON THE WEAR RATE OF ADVANCED

POLYMER COATING

1.1. AIM

The main aim of this project is to determine the effect of sliding speeds on the wear rate of an advanced Polymer coating.

1.2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The objective of this project is to investigate the wear rate of an advanced powder coating using a reciprocating linear ball-on-flat sliding machine. Due to the nature of the resources required to run the experiments, this investigation included the careful attention taken for wear testing especially in areas of the ball-on-flat sliding machine, data acquisition and wear rate calculation.

The technical approach for the investigation will involved preparing different test specimens cured at temperatures of 140 oC, 160 oC, 180 oC and 200 oC respectively. These test specimens would then be tested for one hour at sliding speeds of 0.02 m/s, 0.03 m/s and 0.04 m/s on a fixed normal load of 0.76 kg. Data from the wear testing would be acquired at once as electrical signals through with the help of electronic data acquisition devices. Also this would involve investigating and analysing the microstructure of the all the tested coated sample to see the level of damage done to it at the above temperatures and sliding speeds.

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